ASN.1
抽象语法表示(标记)ASN.1(Abstract Syntax Notation One )一种数据定义语言,描述了对数据进行表示、编码、传输和解码的数据格式。网络管理系统中的管理信息库(MIB)、应用程序的数据结构、协议数据单元(PDU)都是用ASN.1定义的。
可以理解为ASN.1是对密钥结构定义的一种规范
密钥结构类型
PKCS#1
代码语言:javascript复制RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE {
modulus INTEGER, -- n
publicExponent INTEGER -- e
}
RSAPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
modulus INTEGER, -- n
publicExponent INTEGER, -- e
privateExponent INTEGER, -- d
prime1 INTEGER, -- p
prime2 INTEGER, -- q
exponent1 INTEGER, -- d mod (p-1)
exponent2 INTEGER, -- d mod (q-1)
coefficient INTEGER, -- (inverse of q) mod p
otherPrimeInfos OtherPrimeInfos OPTIONAL
}
PKCS#8
代码语言:javascript复制PublicKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier,
PublicKey BIT STRING ; 其中的BIT STRING是某个算法自己指定的二进制格式
; RSA算法的话,就是上面的RSAPublicKey
}
AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE {
algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL
}
PrivateKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier,
PrivateKey BIT STRING
}
AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE {
algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL
}
密钥编码类型
der格式
二进制格式
pem格式
把der格式的数据用base64编码后,然后再在头尾加上一段“-----”开始的标记
证书类型
X.509证书
X.509只包含公钥,没有私钥,这种证书一般公开发布,可用于放在客服端使用,用于加密、验签
PKCS#12证书
因为X.509证书只包含公钥,但有些时候我们需要把私钥和公钥合并成一个证书,放在服务端使用,用于解密、签名。
PKCS#12就定义了这样一种证书,它既包含了公钥有包含了私钥。典型的入pfx、p12证书就是PKCS#12证书。
PKCS#7证书
当你收到一个网站的证书后,你需要验证其真实性。因为一个X.509证书包含了公钥、持有人信息、签名。为了验证其真实性,你需要签证其签名,而验证签名则需要签发的CA机构的公钥证书。同样原理,当你拿到CA机构的公钥证书后,你也需要验证该CA机构的真实性,而验证该CA机构的证书,你需要该CA上级机构的CA公钥证书...以此类推,你需要一直验证到根证书为止。所以为了验证一个网站证书的真实性,你需要的不仅一张证书,而是一个证书链。而PKCS#7就定义了这样一个证书链的类型结构。典型如p7b后缀名的证书就是这样的格式。
证书后缀
.cer/.crt:存放公钥,没有私钥,就是一个X.509证书,二进制形式存放
.pfx/.p12:存放公钥和私钥,通常包含保护密码,二进制方式
证书与密钥关系
数字证书和私钥是匹配的关系。就好比钥匙牌和钥匙的关系。在数字证书签发的时候,数字证书签发系统(CA系统),在生成数字证书的同时,还会随机生成一对密钥,一个私钥,一个公钥。数字证书标示用户身份, 相匹配的私钥和公钥,则是用来保障用户身份的可认证性。就好比咱们拿着一串钥匙,每个钥匙上都标明有时某某房间的钥匙,但是否是真的,还需要看能不能打开相应的房门。
密钥生成
代码语言:javascript复制 /// <summary>
/// 取得私钥和公钥 XML 格式,返回数组第一个是私钥,第二个是公钥.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="size">密钥长度,默认1024,可以为2048</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string[] CreateXmlKey(int size = 1024)
{
//密钥格式要生成pkcs#1格式的 而不是pkcs#8格式的
RSACryptoServiceProvider sp = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size);
string privateKey = sp.ToXmlString(true);//private key
string publicKey = sp.ToXmlString(false);//public key
return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey };
}
/// <summary>
/// 取得私钥和公钥 CspBlob 格式,返回数组第一个是私钥,第二个是公钥.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="size"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string[] CreateCspBlobKey(int size = 1024)
{
//密钥格式要生成pkcs#1格式的 而不是pkcs#8格式的
RSACryptoServiceProvider sp = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size);
string privateKey = System.Convert.ToBase64String(sp.ExportCspBlob(true));//private key
string publicKey = System.Convert.ToBase64String(sp.ExportCspBlob(false));//public key
return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey };
}
/// <summary>
/// 导出PEM PKCS#1格式密钥对,返回数组第一个是私钥,第二个是公钥.
/// </summary>
public static string[] CreateKey_PEM_PKCS1(int size = 1024)
{
RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size);
string privateKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, false, false);
string publicKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, true, false);
return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey };
}
/// <summary>
/// 导出PEM PKCS#8格式密钥对,返回数组第一个是私钥,第二个是公钥.
/// </summary>
public static string[] CreateKey_PEM_PKCS8(int size = 1024, bool convertToPublic = false)
{
RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size);
string privateKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, false, true);
string publicKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, true, true);
return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey };
}
后端加/解密方法使用
代码语言:javascript复制 /// <summary>
/// RSA加密
/// </summary>
/// <param name="Data">原文</param>
/// <param name="PublicKeyString">公钥</param>
/// <param name="KeyType">密钥类型XML/PEM</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string RSAEncrypt(string Data,string PublicKeyString,string KeyType)
{
byte[] data = Encoding.GetEncoding("UTF-8").GetBytes(Data);
RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
switch (KeyType)
{
case "XML":
rsa.FromXmlString(PublicKeyString);
break;
case "PEM":
rsa = RSA_PEM.FromPEM(PublicKeyString);
break;
default:
throw new Exception("不支持的密钥类型");
}
//加密块最大长度限制,如果加密数据的长度超过 秘钥长度/8-11,会引发长度不正确的异常,所以进行数据的分块加密
int MaxBlockSize = rsa.KeySize / 8 - 11;
//正常长度
if (data.Length <= MaxBlockSize)
{
byte[] hashvalueEcy = rsa.Encrypt(data, false); //加密
return System.Convert.ToBase64String(hashvalueEcy);
}
//长度超过正常值
else
{
using (MemoryStream PlaiStream = new MemoryStream(data))
using (MemoryStream CrypStream = new MemoryStream())
{
Byte[] Buffer = new Byte[MaxBlockSize];
int BlockSize = PlaiStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize);
while (BlockSize > 0)
{
Byte[] ToEncrypt = new Byte[BlockSize];
Array.Copy(Buffer, 0, ToEncrypt, 0, BlockSize);
Byte[] Cryptograph = rsa.Encrypt(ToEncrypt, false);
CrypStream.Write(Cryptograph, 0, Cryptograph.Length);
BlockSize = PlaiStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize);
}
return System.Convert.ToBase64String(CrypStream.ToArray(), Base64FormattingOptions.None);
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// RSA解密
/// </summary>
/// <param name="Data">密文</param>
/// <param name="PrivateKeyString">私钥</param>
/// <param name="KeyType">密钥类型XML/PEM</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string RSADecrypt(string Data,string PrivateKeyString, string KeyType)
{
RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
switch (KeyType)
{
case "XML":
rsa.FromXmlString(PrivateKeyString);
break;
case "PEM":
rsa = RSA_PEM.FromPEM(PrivateKeyString);
break;
default:
throw new Exception("不支持的密钥类型");
}
int MaxBlockSize = rsa.KeySize / 8; //解密块最大长度限制
//正常解密
if (Data.Length <= MaxBlockSize)
{
byte[] hashvalueDcy = rsa.Decrypt(System.Convert.FromBase64String(Data), false);//解密
return Encoding.GetEncoding("UTF-8").GetString(hashvalueDcy);
}
//分段解密
else
{
using (MemoryStream CrypStream = new MemoryStream(System.Convert.FromBase64String(Data)))
using (MemoryStream PlaiStream = new MemoryStream())
{
Byte[] Buffer = new Byte[MaxBlockSize];
int BlockSize = CrypStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize);
while (BlockSize > 0)
{
Byte[] ToDecrypt = new Byte[BlockSize];
Array.Copy(Buffer, 0, ToDecrypt, 0, BlockSize);
Byte[] Plaintext = rsa.Decrypt(ToDecrypt, false);
PlaiStream.Write(Plaintext, 0, Plaintext.Length);
BlockSize = CrypStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize);
}
string output = Encoding.GetEncoding("UTF-8").GetString(PlaiStream.ToArray());
return output;
}
}
}
前端加密方法
注:jsencrypt默认PKCS#1结构,生成密钥时需要注意
代码语言:javascript复制 <script src="http://passport.cnblogs.com/scripts/jsencrypt.min.js"></script>
var encryptor = new JSEncrypt() // 创建加密对象实例
//之前ssl生成的公钥,复制的时候要小心不要有空格
var pubKey = '-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQC1QQRl0HlrVv6kGqhgonD6A9SU6ZJpnEN Q0blT/ue6Ndt97WRfxtS'
'As0QoquTreaDtfC4RRX4o CU6BTuHLUm eSvxZS9TzbwoYZq7ObbQAZAY SYDgAA5PHf1wNN20dGMFFgVS/y0ZWvv1UNa2laEz0I8Vmr5ZlzIn88GkmSiQIDAQAB-----END PUBLIC KEY-----'
encryptor.setPublicKey(pubKey)//设置公钥
var rsaPassWord = encryptor.encrypt('要加密的内容') // 对内容进行加密
c#pem格式转换
注:c#的RSACryptoServiceProvider默认只支持xml格式的密钥解析
代码语言:javascript复制 public class RSA_Unit
{
static public string Base64EncodeBytes(byte[] byts)
{
return System.Convert.ToBase64String(byts);
}
static public byte[] Base64DecodeBytes(string str)
{
try
{
return System.Convert.FromBase64String(str);
}
catch
{
return null;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 把字符串按每行多少个字断行
/// </summary>
static public string TextBreak(string text, int line)
{
var idx = 0;
var len = text.Length;
var str = new StringBuilder();
while (idx < len)
{
if (idx > 0)
{
str.Append('n');
}
if (idx line >= len)
{
str.Append(text.Substring(idx));
}
else
{
str.Append(text.Substring(idx, line));
}
idx = line;
}
return str.ToString();
}
}
static public class Extensions
{
/// <summary>
/// 从数组start开始到指定长度复制一份
/// </summary>
static public T[] sub<T>(this T[] arr, int start, int count)
{
T[] val = new T[count];
for (var i = 0; i < count; i )
{
val[i] = arr[start i];
}
return val;
}
static public void writeAll(this Stream stream, byte[] byts)
{
stream.Write(byts, 0, byts.Length);
}
}
代码语言:javascript复制 public class RSA_PEM
{
public static RSACryptoServiceProvider FromPEM(string pem)
{
var rsaParams = new CspParameters();
rsaParams.Flags = CspProviderFlags.UseMachineKeyStore;
var rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(rsaParams);
var param = new RSAParameters();
var base64 = _PEMCode.Replace(pem, "");
var data = RSA_Unit.Base64DecodeBytes(base64);
if (data == null)
{
throw new Exception("PEM内容无效");
}
var idx = 0;
//读取长度
Func<byte, int> readLen = (first) =>
{
if (data[idx] == first)
{
idx ;
if (data[idx] == 0x81)
{
idx ;
return data[idx ];
}
else if (data[idx] == 0x82)
{
idx ;
return (((int)data[idx ]) << 8) data[idx ];
}
else if (data[idx] < 0x80)
{
return data[idx ];
}
}
throw new Exception("PEM未能提取到数据");
};
//读取块数据
Func<byte[]> readBlock = () =>
{
var len = readLen(0x02);
if (data[idx] == 0x00)
{
idx ;
len--;
}
var val = data.sub(idx, len);
idx = len;
return val;
};
//比较data从idx位置开始是否是byts内容
Func<byte[], bool> eq = (byts) =>
{
for (var i = 0; i < byts.Length; i , idx )
{
if (idx >= data.Length)
{
return false;
}
if (byts[i] != data[idx])
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
};
if (pem.Contains("PUBLIC KEY"))
{
/****使用公钥****/
//读取数据总长度
readLen(0x30);
if (!eq(_SeqOID))
{
throw new Exception("PEM未知格式");
}
//读取1长度
readLen(0x03);
idx ;//跳过0x00
//读取2长度
readLen(0x30);
//Modulus
param.Modulus = readBlock();
//Exponent
param.Exponent = readBlock();
}
else if (pem.Contains("PRIVATE KEY"))
{
/****使用私钥****/
//读取数据总长度
readLen(0x30);
//读取版本号
if (!eq(_Ver))
{
throw new Exception("PEM未知版本");
}
//检测PKCS8
var idx2 = idx;
if (eq(_SeqOID))
{
//读取1长度
readLen(0x04);
//读取2长度
readLen(0x30);
//读取版本号
if (!eq(_Ver))
{
throw new Exception("PEM版本无效");
}
}
else
{
idx = idx2;
}
//读取数据
param.Modulus = readBlock();
param.Exponent = readBlock();
param.D = readBlock();
param.P = readBlock();
param.Q = readBlock();
param.DP = readBlock();
param.DQ = readBlock();
param.InverseQ = readBlock();
}
else
{
throw new Exception("pem需要BEGIN END标头");
}
rsa.ImportParameters(param);
return rsa;
}
static private Regex _PEMCode = new Regex(@"-- . ?-- |s ");
static private byte[] _SeqOID = new byte[] { 0x30, 0x0D, 0x06, 0x09, 0x2A, 0x86, 0x48, 0x86, 0xF7, 0x0D, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x05, 0x00 };
static private byte[] _Ver = new byte[] { 0x02, 0x01, 0x00 };
/// <summary>
/// 将RSA中的密钥对转换成PEM格式,usePKCS8=false时返回PKCS#1格式,否则返回PKCS#8格式,如果convertToPublic含私钥的RSA将只返回公钥,仅含公钥的RSA不受影响
/// </summary>
public static string ToPEM(RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa, bool convertToPublic, bool usePKCS8)
{
//https://www.jianshu.com/p/25803dd9527d
//https://www.cnblogs.com/ylz8401/p/8443819.html
//https://blog.csdn.net/jiayanhui2877/article/details/47187077
//https://blog.csdn.net/xuanshao_/article/details/51679824
//https://blog.csdn.net/xuanshao_/article/details/51672547
var ms = new MemoryStream();
//写入一个长度字节码
Action<int> writeLenByte = (len) =>
{
if (len < 0x80)
{
ms.WriteByte((byte)len);
}
else if (len <= 0xff)
{
ms.WriteByte(0x81);
ms.WriteByte((byte)len);
}
else
{
ms.WriteByte(0x82);
ms.WriteByte((byte)(len >> 8 & 0xff));
ms.WriteByte((byte)(len & 0xff));
}
};
//写入一块数据
Action<byte[]> writeBlock = (byts) =>
{
var addZero = (byts[0] >> 4) >= 0x8;
ms.WriteByte(0x02);
var len = byts.Length (addZero ? 1 : 0);
writeLenByte(len);
if (addZero)
{
ms.WriteByte(0x00);
}
ms.Write(byts, 0, byts.Length);
};
//根据后续内容长度写入长度数据
Func<int, byte[], byte[]> writeLen = (index, byts) =>
{
var len = byts.Length - index;
ms.SetLength(0);
ms.Write(byts, 0, index);
writeLenByte(len);
ms.Write(byts, index, len);
return ms.ToArray();
};
if (rsa.PublicOnly || convertToPublic)
{
/****生成公钥****/
var param = rsa.ExportParameters(false);
//写入总字节数,不含本段长度,额外需要24字节的头,后续计算好填入
ms.WriteByte(0x30);
var index1 = (int)ms.Length;
//固定内容
// encoded OID sequence for PKCS #1 rsaEncryption szOID_RSA_RSA = "1.2.840.113549.1.1.1"
ms.writeAll(_SeqOID);
//从0x00开始的后续长度
ms.WriteByte(0x03);
var index2 = (int)ms.Length;
ms.WriteByte(0x00);
//后续内容长度
ms.WriteByte(0x30);
var index3 = (int)ms.Length;
//写入Modulus
writeBlock(param.Modulus);
//写入Exponent
writeBlock(param.Exponent);
//计算空缺的长度
var byts = ms.ToArray();
byts = writeLen(index3, byts);
byts = writeLen(index2, byts);
byts = writeLen(index1, byts);
return "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----n" RSA_Unit.TextBreak(RSA_Unit.Base64EncodeBytes(byts), 64) "n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----";
}
else
{
/****生成私钥****/
var param = rsa.ExportParameters(true);
//写入总字节数,后续写入
ms.WriteByte(0x30);
int index1 = (int)ms.Length;
//写入版本号
ms.writeAll(_Ver);
//PKCS8 多一段数据
int index2 = -1, index3 = -1;
if (usePKCS8)
{
//固定内容
ms.writeAll(_SeqOID);
//后续内容长度
ms.WriteByte(0x04);
index2 = (int)ms.Length;
//后续内容长度
ms.WriteByte(0x30);
index3 = (int)ms.Length;
//写入版本号
ms.writeAll(_Ver);
}
//写入数据
writeBlock(param.Modulus);
writeBlock(param.Exponent);
writeBlock(param.D);
writeBlock(param.P);
writeBlock(param.Q);
writeBlock(param.DP);
writeBlock(param.DQ);
writeBlock(param.InverseQ);
//计算空缺的长度
var byts = ms.ToArray();
if (index2 != -1)
{
byts = writeLen(index3, byts);
byts = writeLen(index2, byts);
}
byts = writeLen(index1, byts);
var flag = " PRIVATE KEY";
if (!usePKCS8)
{
flag = " RSA" flag;
}
return "-----BEGIN" flag "-----n" RSA_Unit.TextBreak(RSA_Unit.Base64EncodeBytes(byts), 64) "n-----END" flag "-----";
}
}
}