机器学习常用代码集锦
常用库
代码语言：javascript复制import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
pd.set_option( 'display.precision',6) # 小数精度6位
pd.set_option("display.max_rows",999) # 最多显示行数
pd.reset_option("display.max_rows") # 重置
pd.set_option('display.max_columns',100) # 最多显示列100
pd.set_option('display.max_columns',None) # 显示全部列
pd.set_option ('display.max_colwidth', 100) # 列宽
pd.reset_option('display.max_columns') # 重置
pd.set_option("expand_frame_repr", True) # 折叠
pd.set_option('display.float_format', '{:,.2f}'.format) # 千分位
pd.set_option('display.float_format', '{:.2f}%'.format) # 百分比形式
pd.set_option('display.float_format', '{:.2f}￥'.format) # 特殊符号
pd.options.plotting.backend = "plotly" # 修改绘图
pd.set_option("colheader_justify","left") # 列字段对齐方式
pd.reset_option('all') # 全部功能重置
# 忽略notebook中的警告
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")可视化
代码语言：javascript复制# 1、基于plotly
import plotly as py
import plotly.express as px
import plotly.graph_objects as go
py.offline.init_notebook_mode(connected = True)
from plotly.subplots import make_subplots # 多子图
# 2、基于matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
%matplotlib inline
# 中文显示问题
plt.rcParams["font.sans-serif"]=["SimHei"] #设置字体
plt.rcParams["axes.unicode_minus"]=False #正常显示负号
# 3、基于seaborn
import seaborn as sns
# plt.style.use("fivethirtyeight")
plt.style.use('ggplot')
# 4、基于Pyecharts
from pyecharts.globals import CurrentConfig, OnlineHostType
from pyecharts import options as opts # 配置项
from pyecharts.charts import Bar, Pie, Line, HeatMap, Funnel, WordCloud, Grid, Page # 各个图形的类
from pyecharts.commons.utils import JsCode
from pyecharts.globals import ThemeType,SymbolType1、柱状图带显示数值：
代码语言：javascript复制fig = px.bar(df4, x="name",y="成绩",text="成绩")
fig.update_traces(textposition="outside")
fig.update_layout(xaxis_tickangle=45) # 倾斜角度设置
fig.show()2、饼图带显示类型名称：
代码语言：javascript复制fig = px.pie(df, # 以城市和数量为字段
names="城市",
values="数量"
)
fig.update_traces(
textposition='inside',
textinfo='percent label'
)
fig.update_layout(
title={
"text":"城市占比",
"y":0.96, # y轴数值
"x":0.5, # x轴数值
"xanchor":"center", # x、y轴相对位置
"yanchor":"top"
}
)
fig.show()3、seaborn箱型图
代码语言：javascript复制# 方式1
ax = sns.boxplot(y=df["total_bill"])
# 方式2：传入y和data参数
ax = sns.boxplot(y="total_bill", data=df)4、plotly子图绘制，假设是28个图，生成7*4的子图：
代码语言：javascript复制# 两个基本参数：设置行、列
fig = make_subplots(rows=7, cols=4) # 7行4列
for i, v in enumerate(parameters): # parameters 长度是28
r = i // 4 1
c = (i 1) % 4
if c ==0:
fig.add_trace(go.Box(y=df2[v].tolist(),name=v),
row=r, col=4)
else:
fig.add_trace(go.Box(y=df2[v].tolist(),name=v),
row=r, col=c)
fig.update_layout(width=1000, height=900)
fig.show()jieba分词与词云图
代码语言：javascript复制import jieba
title_list = df["title"].tolist()
# 分词过程
title_jieba_list = []
for i in range(len(title_list)):
# jieba分词
seg_list = jieba.cut(str(title_list[i]).strip(), cut_all=False)
for each in list(seg_list):
title_jieba_list.append(each)
# 创建停用词list
def StopWords(filepath):
stopwords = [line.strip() for line in open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8').readlines()]
return stopwords
# 传入停用词表的路径：路径需要修改
stopwords = StopWords("/Users/Desktop/spider/nlp_stopwords.txt")
# 收集有用词语
useful_result = []
for col in title_jieba_list:
if col not in stopwords:
useful_result.append(col)
information = pd.value_counts(useful_result).reset_index()
information.columns=["word","number"]
# 词云图
information_zip = [tuple(z) for z in zip(information_new["word"].tolist(), information_new["number"].tolist())]
# 绘图
c = (
WordCloud()
.add("", information_zip word_size_range=[20, 80], shape=SymbolType.DIAMOND)
.set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="词云图"))
)
c.render_notebook()数据探索
代码语言：javascript复制import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
df.shape # 数据形状
df.isnull().sum() # 缺失值
df.dtypes # 字段类型
df.describe # 描述统计信息缺失字段可视化
代码语言：javascript复制import missingno as mso
mso.bar(df,color="blue")
plt.show()删除字段
代码语言：javascript复制# 删除某个非必须属性
df.drop('Name', axis=1, inplace=True)缺失值填充
以字段的现有数据中位数进行填充为例：
代码语言：javascript复制# transform之前要指定操作的列（Age），它只能对某个列进行操作
df['Age'].fillna(train.groupby('Title')['Age'].transform("median"), inplace=True)字段位置重置
代码语言：javascript复制# 1、单独提出来
scaled_amount = df['amount']
# 2、删除原字段信息
df.drop(['amount'], axis=1, inplace=True)
# 3、插入
df.insert(0, 'amount', scaled_amount)数据集划分
代码语言：javascript复制from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedShuffleSplit
X = df.drop("Class", axis=1) # 特征
y = df["Class"] # 标签
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X,y,test_size=0.2,random_state=44)
# 3、将数据转成数组，然后传给模型
X_train = X_train.values
X_test = X_test.values
y_train = y_train.values
y_test = y_test.values数据标准化/归一化
基于numpy来实现
代码语言：javascript复制# 基于numpy实现
mean = X_train.mean(axis=0)
X_train -= mean
std = X_train.std(axis=0)
X_train /= std
# 测试集：使用训练集的均值和标准差来归一化
X_test -= mean
X_test /= std基于sklearn实现
代码语言：javascript复制from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
ss = StandardScaler()
data_ss = ss.fit_transform(X)
# 生成对应的DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame(data_ss, columns=X.columns)
# 还原到原数据
origin_data = ss.inverse_transform(data_ss)
# rs = RobustScaler()
df['scaled_amount'] = rs.fit_transform(df['Amount'].values.reshape(-1,1))相关性热力图
代码语言：javascript复制f, ax1 = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize=(24, 20))
corr = df.corr()
sns.heatmap(corr, cmap="coolwarm_r",annot_kws={"size":20})
ax.set_title("Correlation Matrix", fontsize=14)属性间相关性
代码语言：javascript复制cols = ["col1", "col2", "col3"]
plt.figure(1,figsize=(15,6))
n = 0
for x in cols:
for y in cols:
n = 1 # 每循环一次n增加，子图移动一次
plt.subplot(3,3,n) # 3*3的矩阵，第n个图形
plt.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.5, wspace=0.5) # 子图间的宽、高参数
sns.regplot(x=x,y=y,data=df,color="#AE213D") # 绘图的数据和颜色
plt.ylabel(y.split()[0] " " y.split()[1] if len(y.split()) > 1 else y)
plt.show()删除离群点
删除基于上下四分位的离群点：
代码语言：javascript复制# 数组
v12 = df["V12"].loc[df["Class"] == 1]
# 25%和75%分位数
q1, q3 = v12.quantile(0.25), v12.quantile(0.75)
iqr = q3 - q1
# 确定上下限
v12_cut_off = iqr * 1.5
v12_lower = q1 - v12_cut_off
v12_upper = q3 v12_cut_off
# 确定离群点
outliers = [x for x in v12 if x < v12_lower or x > v12_upper]
# 技巧：如何删除异常值
new_df = df.drop(df[(df["V12"] > v12_upper) | (df["V12"] < v12_lower)].index)离群点填充均值
代码语言：javascript复制df['Price']=np.where(df['Price']>=40000, # 大于等于40000看成异常值
df['Price'].median(), # 替换均值
df['Price']) # 替换字段特征分布
1、特征取值数量统计
代码语言：javascript复制df["Class"].value_counts(normalize=True)plt.figure(1, figsize=(12,5))
sns.countplot(y="sex", data=df)
plt.show()2、基于seaborn绘图
代码语言：javascript复制# 绘图
colors = ["red", "blue"]
sns.countplot("Class", data=df, palette=colors)
plt.title("0-No Fraud & 1-Fraud)")
plt.show()3、特征直方图分布
代码语言：javascript复制# 查看3个特征的分布
from scipy.stats import norm
f, (ax1, ax2, ax3) = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(20,6))
# 生成绘图数据：numpy数组
v14_fraud = new_df["V14"].loc[new_df["Class"] == 1].values
sns.distplot(v14_fraud, # 传入数据
ax=ax1, # 选择子图
fit=norm, # 拟合：正态化
color="#FB8861")
ax1.set_title("V14", fontsize=14)
v12_fraud = new_df["V12"].loc[new_df["Class"] == 1].values
sns.distplot(v12_fraud,
ax=ax2,
fit=norm,
color="#56F9BB")
ax2.set_title("V12", fontsize=14)
v10_fraud = new_df["V10"].loc[new_df["Class"] == 1].values
sns.distplot(v10_fraud,
ax=ax3,
fit=norm,
color="#C5B3F9")
ax2.set_title("V10", fontsize=14)
plt.show()效果：
另一种方法：
代码语言：javascript复制# 绘图
plt.figure(1,figsize=(15,6))
n = 0
for col in cols:
n = 1 # 子图位置
plt.subplot(1,3,n)
plt.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.5,wspace=0.5) # 调整宽高
sns.distplot(df[col],bins=20) # 绘制直方图
plt.title(f'Distplot of {col}')
plt.show() # 显示图形特征重要性
代码语言：javascript复制from sklearn.feature_selection import mutual_info_classif
imp = pd.DataFrame(mutual_info_classif(X,y),
index=X.columns)
imp.columns=['importance']
imp.sort_values(by='importance',ascending=False)2种编码
代码语言：javascript复制Nominal data -- Data that are not in any order -->one hot encoding
ordinal data -- Data are in order --> labelEncoder- 标称数据：没有任何顺序，使用独热编码oneot encoding
- 有序数据：存在一定的顺序，使用类型编码labelEncoder
独热码的实现：
代码语言：javascript复制df["sex"] = pd.get_dummies(df["sex"])基于有序数据的类型编码自定义：
代码语言：javascript复制dic = {"v1":1, "v2":2, "v3":3, "v4":4}
df["class"] = df["class"].map(dic)sklearn实现类型编码：
代码语言：javascript复制from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
le = LabelEncoder()
for i in ['Route1', 'Route2', 'Route3', 'Route4', 'Route5']:
categorical[i]=le.fit_transform(categorical[i])上、下采样
上采样
代码语言：javascript复制# 使用imlbearn库中上采样方法中的SMOTE接口
from imblearn.over_sampling import SMOTE
# 设置随机数种子
smo = SMOTE(random_state=42)
X_smo, y_smo = smo.fit_resample(X, y)下采样
代码语言：javascript复制# 欺诈的数据
fraud_df = df[df["Class"] == 1] # 少量数据
# 从非欺诈的数据中取出相同的长度len(fraud_df)
no_fraud_df = df[df["Class"] == 0][:len(fraud_df)]
# 组合
normal_distributed_df = pd.concat([fraud_df, no_fraud_df])
# 随机打乱数据
new_df = normal_distributed_df.sample(frac=1, random_state=123)PCA降维
代码语言：javascript复制from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA, TruncatedSVD
# PCA降维
X_reduced_pca = PCA(n_components=2,
random_state=42).fit_transform(X.values)sklearn使用k折交叉验证
随机打乱数据并生成索引：
代码语言：javascript复制# 随机打乱数据
from sklearn.utils import shuffle
df = shuffle(df)
# 随机 k折验证
from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedShuffleSplit
sfk = StratifiedKFold(
n_splits=5, # 生成5份
random_state=None,
shuffle=False)
for train_index, test_index in sfk.split(X,y):
# 根据随机生成的索引再生成数据
original_X_train = X.iloc[train_index]
original_X_test = X.iloc[test_index]
original_y_train = y.iloc[train_index]
original_y_test = y.iloc[test_index]Keras使用交叉验证
Keras中的k折交叉验证：
代码语言：javascript复制k = 5
number_val = len(X_train) // k # 验证数据集的大小
number_epochs = 20
all_mae_scores = []
all_loss_scores = []
for i in range(k):
# 只取i到i 1部分作为验证集
vali_X = X_train[i * number_val: (i 1) * number_val]
vali_y = y_train[i * number_val: (i 1)*number_val]
# 训练集
part_X_train = np.concatenate([X_train[:i * number_val],
X_train[(i 1) * number_val:]],
axis=0
)
part_y_train = np.concatenate([y_train[:i * number_val],
y_train[(i 1) * number_val:]],
axis=0
)
# 模型训练
history = model.fit(part_X_train,
part_y_train,
epochs=number_epochs
# 传入验证集的数据
validation_data=(vali_X, vali_y),
batch_size=300,
verbose=0 # 0-静默模式 1-日志模式
)
mae_history = history.history["mae"]
loss_history = history.history["loss"]
all_mae_scores.append(mae_history)
all_loss_scores.append(loss_history)回归模型
代码语言：javascript复制# 线性回归
from sklearn import linear_model
model_LinearRegression = linear_model.LinearRegression()
# KNN回归
from sklearn import neighbors
model_KNeighborsRegressor = neighbors.KNeighborsRegressor()
# 决策树回归
from sklearn import tree
model_DecisionTreeRegressor = tree.DecisionTreeRegressor()
# 随机森林回归
from sklearn import ensemble
model_RandomForestRegressor = ensemble.RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=50) # 使用50个决策树
# Adaboost回归
from sklearn import ensemble
model_AdaBoostRegressor = ensemble.AdaBoostRegressor(n_estimators=100) #使用100个决策树
# GBRT回归
from sklearn import ensemble
model_GradientBoostingRegressor = ensemble.GradientBoostingRegressor(n_estimators=100)# 100个决策树
# Bagging回归
from sklearn.ensemble import BaggingRegressor
model_BaggingRegressor = BaggingRegressor()
# 极端随机树回归
from sklearn.tree import ExtraTreeRegressor
model_ExtraTreeRegressor = ExtraTreeRegressor()
from sklearn.svm import SVR
svr = SVR()回归模型评分
代码语言：javascript复制from sklearn.metrics import r2_score,mean_absolute_error,mean_squared_error
def predict(ml_model):
print("Model is: ", ml_model)
model = ml_model.fit(X_train, y_train)
print("Training score: ", model.score(X_train,y_train))
predictions = model.predict(X_test)
print("Predictions: ", predictions)
print('-----------------')
r2score = r2_score(y_test, predictions)
print("r2 score is: ", r2score)
print('MAE:{}', mean_absolute_error(y_test,predictions))
print('MSE:{}', mean_squared_error(y_test,predictions))
print('RMSE:{}', np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(y_test,predictions)))
# 真实值和预测值的差值
sns.distplot(y_test - predictions)分类模型
代码语言：javascript复制from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression # 逻辑回归
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier # K近邻
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB # 贝叶斯分类器
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier # 随机森林分类
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier # 决策树
from sklearn.svm import SVC # 支持向量分类
from sklearn.neural_network import MLPClassifier # 神经网络
from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingClassifier # GBDT
from lightgbm import LGBMClassifier # lgb混淆矩阵
分类任务的混淆矩阵
代码语言：javascript复制from sklearn import metrics # 模型评价
confusion_matrix = metrics.confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)auc值
代码语言：javascript复制auc = metrics.roc_auc_score(y_test, y_pred) # 测试值和预测值ROC曲线
代码语言：javascript复制from sklearn.metrics import roc_curve, auc
false_positive_rate, true_positive_rate, thresholds = roc_curve(y_test, y_prob) # y的真实值和预测值
# roc值
roc = auc(false_positive_rate, true_positive_rate)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.title('ROC')
plt.plot(false_positive_rate,true_positive_rate, color='red',label = 'AUC = %0.2f' % roc_auc)
plt.legend(loc = 'lower right')
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1],linestyle='--')
plt.axis('tight')
plt.ylabel('True Positive Rate')
plt.xlabel('False Positive Rate')
plt.show()网络搜索
以逻辑回归为例：
代码语言：javascript复制from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
# 逻辑回归
lr_params = {"penalty":["l1", "l2"],
"C": [0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000]
}
grid_lr = GridSearchCV(LogisticRegression(), lr_params)
grid_lr.fit(X_train, y_train)
# 最好的参数组合
best_para_lr = grid_lr.best_estimator_随机搜索
以随机森林模型为例为例：
代码语言：javascript复制# 采用随机搜索调优
from sklearn.model_selection import RandomizedSearchCV
# 待调优的参数
random_grid = {
'n_estimators' : [100, 120, 150, 180, 200,220],
'max_features':['auto','sqrt'],
'max_depth':[5,10,15,20],
}
# 建模拟合
rf=RandomForestRegressor()
rf_random=RandomizedSearchCV(
estimator=rf,
param_distributions=random_grid,
cv=3,
verbose=2,
n_jobs=-1)
rf_random.fit(X_train,y_train)
