Numbers
Number的子类：
另外还有BigDecimal和BigInteger，用于高精度计算，AtomicInteger和AtomicLong用于多线程应用。
我们有时候需要用包装类而非基本数据类型，理由如下：
- 方法入参类型为Object，只能传入对象
- 使用包装类提供的常量，比如MIN_VALUE和MAX_VALUE
- 使用包装类的方法来做类型转换
format
代码语言：javascript复制import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Locale;
public class TestFormat {
public static void main(String[] args) {
long n = 461012;
System.out.format("%d%n", n); // --> "461012"
System.out.format("d%n", n); // --> "00461012"
System.out.format("% 8d%n", n); // --> " 461012"
System.out.format("%,8d%n", n); // --> " 461,012"
System.out.format("% ,8d%n%n", n); // --> " 461,012"
double pi = Math.PI;
System.out.format("%f%n", pi); // --> "3.141593"
System.out.format("%.3f%n", pi); // --> "3.142"
System.out.format(".3f%n", pi); // --> " 3.142"
System.out.format("%-10.3f%n", pi); // --> "3.142"
System.out.format(Locale.FRANCE,
"%-10.4f%n%n", pi); // --> "3,1416"
Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
System.out.format("%tB %te, %tY%n", c, c, c); // --> "May 29, 2006"
System.out.format("%tl:%tM %tp%n", c, c, c); // --> "2:34 am"
System.out.format("%tD%n", c); // --> "05/29/06"
}
}DecimalFormat
代码语言：javascript复制import java.text.*;
public class DecimalFormatDemo {
static public void customFormat(String pattern, double value ) {
DecimalFormat myFormatter = new DecimalFormat(pattern);
String output = myFormatter.format(value);
System.out.println(value " " pattern " " output);
}
static public void main(String[] args) {
customFormat("###,###.###", 123456.789);
customFormat("###.##", 123456.789);
customFormat("000000.000", 123.78);
customFormat("$###,###.###", 12345.67);
}
}Math
代码语言：javascript复制public class BasicMathDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double a = -191.635;
double b = 43.74;
int c = 16, d = 45;
System.out.printf("The absolute value " "of %.3f is %.3f%n",
a, Math.abs(a));
System.out.printf("The ceiling of " "%.2f is %.0f%n",
b, Math.ceil(b));
System.out.printf("The floor of " "%.2f is %.0f%n",
b, Math.floor(b));
System.out.printf("The rint of %.2f " "is %.0f%n",
b, Math.rint(b));
System.out.printf("The max of %d and " "%d is %d%n",
c, d, Math.max(c, d));
System.out.printf("The min of of %d " "and %d is %d%n",
c, d, Math.min(c, d));
}
}Charaters
基本类型char
代码语言：javascript复制char ch = 'a';
// Unicode for uppercase Greek omega character
char uniChar = 'u03A9';
// an array of chars
char[] charArray = { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' };Character
代码语言：javascript复制Character ch = new Character('a');Strings
定义：
代码语言：javascript复制String greeting = "Hello world!";char[] helloArray = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '.' };
String helloString = new String(helloArray);
System.out.println(helloString);回文字符串实现：
代码语言：javascript复制public class StringDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String palindrome = "Dot saw I was Tod";
int len = palindrome.length();
char[] tempCharArray = new char[len];
char[] charArray = new char[len];
// put original string in an
// array of chars
for (int i = 0; i < len; i ) {
tempCharArray[i] =
palindrome.charAt(i);
}
// reverse array of chars
for (int j = 0; j < len; j ) {
charArray[j] =
tempCharArray[len - 1 - j];
}
String reversePalindrome =
new String(charArray);
System.out.println(reversePalindrome);
}
}String转换为基本数据类型，parseXXX()比valueOf更好用：
代码语言：javascript复制float a = (Float.valueOf(args[0])).floatValue();
float b = (Float.valueOf(args[1])).floatValue();float a = Float.parseFloat(args[0]);
float b = Float.parseFloat(args[1]);基本数据类型转换为String：
代码语言：javascript复制int i;
// Concatenate "i" with an empty string; conversion is handled for you.
String s1 = "" i;// The valueOf class method.
String s2 = String.valueOf(i);int i;
double d;
String s3 = Integer.toString(i);
String s4 = Double.toString(d); 根据字符查找对应索引：
代码语言：javascript复制String anotherPalindrome = "Niagara. O roar again!";
char aChar = anotherPalindrome.charAt(9);子串：
代码语言：javascript复制String anotherPalindrome = "Niagara. O roar again!";
String roar = anotherPalindrome.substring(11, 15); String Builders
String不可变，StringBuilder可变。StringBuilder除了length()，还有个capacity()，返回分配的字符数量，大于等于length，并且会自动扩充。
代码语言：javascript复制// creates empty builder, capacity 16
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
// adds 9 character string at beginning
sb.append("Greetings");StringBuffer用的少，只在需要保证线程安全时使用。
自动装箱和拆箱
装箱，基本数据类型→包装类：
代码语言：javascript复制List<Integer> ints = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 1; i < 50; i = 2)
ints.add(i);拆箱，包装类→基本数据类型：
代码语言：javascript复制public static int sumEven(List<Integer> ints) {
int sum = 0;
for (Integer i: ints) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
sum =i;
}
}
return sum;
}参考资料： Numbers and Strings https://dev.java/learn/numbers-strings/
