- Hello Cargo!
- Common Programming Concepts
- Variables And Mutability
- Shadowing & Mutable
- Control Flow
- Variables And Mutability
Hello Cargo!
Instead of saving the result of the build in the same directory as our code, Cargo stores it in the target/debug directory.
Command | Desc |
|---|---|
cargo new | Create a project |
cargo build | Build a project |
cargo build --release | Build release ver |
cargo run | Run a project |
cargo check | build a project without producing a binary to check for errors using cargo check |
Common Programming Concepts
Variables And Mutability
Shadowing & Mutable
For same variable name, the former is shadowed by the latter
代码语言：javascript复制fn main() {
let x = 5;
let x = x 1;
{
let x = x * 2;
println!("The value of x in the inner scope is: {x}");
}
println!("The value of x is: {x}"); // prints 6
}Shadowed variable can change its type
代码语言：javascript复制fn main() {
let spaces = "123123123";
let spaces = spaces.len(); /* type changed */
println!("{spaces}");
}For reassign the variable, you must use let keyword
fn main() {
let x = 5;
x = x 1; // Error, no let keyword on reassign
}let allows type change, let mut disallows type changes
fn main() {
let mut spaces = " ";
spaces = spaces.len(); /* Error: Disallow type change for mutable */
} Data Types
Rust is a statically typed **language, which means that it must know the types of all variables at compile time.
代码语言：javascript复制#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
/* type annotation (u32) is required */
let guess: u32 = "42".parse().expect("Not a number!");
}Rust has two data type subsets: scalar and compound
Scalar Types
- Integer
- Integer Literals
- Floating-Point
- Numeric
- Boolean
- Character
- Tuple
- Array
Functions
- You can define function anywhere(Before/After) within the scope of the caller
- Parameter type annotation is required
fn main() {
print_labeled_measurement(5, 'h');
}
fn print_labeled_measurement(value: i32, unit_label: char) {
println!("The measurement is: {value}{unit_label}");
}
// You can define function anywhere(Before/After) within the scope of the callerStatements and Expressions
代码语言：javascript复制fn main() {
let x = (let y = 6); // Error: Statement `let y = 6` do not have return value
}- Expressions do not include ending semicolons. If you add a semicolon to the end of an expression, you turn it into a statement, and it will then not return a value.
fn main() {
let y = {
let x = 3;
x 1 // Attention: No semicolon, means this is a expression
}; // returns 4
println!("The value of y is: {y}");
}Function with Return Values
代码语言：javascript复制fn main() {
let x = plus_one(5);
println!("The value of x is: {x}");
}
fn plus_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
x 1 // Attention: no semicolon, express with return value
}Control Flow
if Must have boolean type
fn main() {
let number = 12;
if number % 4 == 0 { // only boolean type
println!("number is divisible by 4");
} else if number % 3 == 0 {
println!("number is divisible by 3");
} else {
println!("number is not divisible by 4, 3, or 2");
}
}Use if in a let Statement, but the return values must in same type
fn main() {
let condition = true;
// Do not work because return values are not in same type
// let number = if condition { 5 } else { "six" };
let number = if condition { 5 } else { 6 };
println!("The value of number is: {number}");
}Traditional loop
fn main() {
let mut counter = 0;
let result = loop {
/* loop in statement */
counter = 1;
if counter == 10 {
break counter * 2; /* send the break value as return value */
}
};
println!("The result is {result}");
}While Loop
fn main() {
let mut number = 3;
while number != 0 {
println!("{number}!");
number -= 1;
}
println!("LIFTOFF!!!");
}for...in loop
fn main() {
// 1..10 is a Range from 1 to 9
// 1..=10 is a Range from 1 to 10
// (1..=10).rev() is a Range from 10 to 1
for number in 1..=10 {
println!("{number}!");
}
println!("DONE!!!");
}
