本文带你快速了解@Async注解的用法,包括异步方法无返回值、有返回值,最后总结了@Async注解失效的几个坑。
在 SpringBoot 应用中,经常会遇到在一个接口中,同时做事情1,事情2,事情3,如果同步执行的话,则本次接口时间取决于事情1 2 3执行时间之和;如果三件事同时执行,则本次接口时间取决于事情1 2 3执行时间最长的那个,合理使用多线程,可以大大缩短接口时间。那么在 SpringBoot 应用中如何优雅的使用多线程呢?
Don't bb, show me code.
快速使用
SpringBoot应用中需要添加@EnableAsync
注解,来开启异步调用,一般还会配置一个线程池,异步的方法交给特定的线程池完成,如下:
@Configuration
@EnableAsync
public class AsyncConfiguration {
@Bean("doSomethingExecutor")
public Executor doSomethingExecutor() {
ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();
// 核心线程数:线程池创建时候初始化的线程数
executor.setCorePoolSize(10);
// 最大线程数:线程池最大的线程数,只有在缓冲队列满了之后才会申请超过核心线程数的线程
executor.setMaxPoolSize(20);
// 缓冲队列:用来缓冲执行任务的队列
executor.setQueueCapacity(500);
// 允许线程的空闲时间60秒:当超过了核心线程之外的线程在空闲时间到达之后会被销毁
executor.setKeepAliveSeconds(60);
// 线程池名的前缀:设置好了之后可以方便我们定位处理任务所在的线程池
executor.setThreadNamePrefix("do-something-");
// 缓冲队列满了之后的拒绝策略:由调用线程处理(一般是主线程)
executor.setRejectedExecutionHandler(new ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy());
executor.initialize();
return executor;
}
}
使用的方式非常简单,在需要异步的方法上加@Async
注解
@RestController
public class AsyncController {
@Autowired
private AsyncService asyncService;
@GetMapping("/open/something")
public String something() {
int count = 10;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i ) {
asyncService.doSomething("index = " i);
}
lon
return "success";
}
}
@Slf4j
@Service
public class AsyncService {
// 指定使用beanname为doSomethingExecutor的线程池
@Async("doSomethingExecutor")
public String doSomething(String message) {
log.info("do something, message={}", message);
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
log.error("do something error: ", e);
}
return message;
}
}
访问:127.0.0.1:8080/open/something,日志如下
代码语言:javascript复制2020-04-19 23:42:42.486 INFO 21168 --- [io-8200-exec-17] x.g.b.system.controller.AsyncController : do something end, time 8 milliseconds
2020-04-19 23:42:42.488 INFO 21168 --- [ do-something-1] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something, message=index = 0
2020-04-19 23:42:42.488 INFO 21168 --- [ do-something-5] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something, message=index = 4
2020-04-19 23:42:42.488 INFO 21168 --- [ do-something-4] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something, message=index = 3
2020-04-19 23:42:42.488 INFO 21168 --- [ do-something-6] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something, message=index = 5
2020-04-19 23:42:42.488 INFO 21168 --- [ do-something-9] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something, message=index = 8
2020-04-19 23:42:42.488 INFO 21168 --- [ do-something-8] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something, message=index = 7
2020-04-19 23:42:42.488 INFO 21168 --- [do-something-10] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something, message=index = 9
2020-04-19 23:42:42.488 INFO 21168 --- [ do-something-7] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something, message=index = 6
2020-04-19 23:42:42.488 INFO 21168 --- [ do-something-2] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something, message=index = 1
2020-04-19 23:42:42.488 INFO 21168 --- [ do-something-3] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something, message=index = 2
由此可见已经达到异步执行的效果了,并且使用到了咱们配置的线程池。
获取异步方法返回值
当异步方法有返回值时,如何获取异步方法执行的返回结果呢?这时需要异步调用的方法带有返回值CompletableFuture。
CompletableFuture是对Feature的增强,Feature只能处理简单的异步任务,而CompletableFuture可以将多个异步任务进行复杂的组合。如下:
代码语言:javascript复制@RestController
public class AsyncController {
@Autowired
private AsyncService asyncService;
@SneakyThrows
@ApiOperation("异步 有返回值")
@GetMapping("/open/somethings")
public String somethings() {
CompletableFuture<String> createOrder = asyncService.doSomething1("create order");
CompletableFuture<String> reduceAccount = asyncService.doSomething2("reduce account");
CompletableFuture<String> saveLog = asyncService.doSomething3("save log");
// 等待所有任务都执行完
CompletableFuture.allOf(createOrder, reduceAccount, saveLog).join();
// 获取每个任务的返回结果
String result = createOrder.get() reduceAccount.get() saveLog.get();
return result;
}
}
@Slf4j
@Service
public class AsyncService {
@Async("doSomethingExecutor")
public CompletableFuture<String> doSomething1(String message) throws InterruptedException {
log.info("do something1: {}", message);
Thread.sleep(1000);
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("do something1: " message);
}
@Async("doSomethingExecutor")
public CompletableFuture<String> doSomething2(String message) throws InterruptedException {
log.info("do something2: {}", message);
Thread.sleep(1000);
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("; do something2: " message);
}
@Async("doSomethingExecutor")
public CompletableFuture<String> doSomething3(String message) throws InterruptedException {
log.info("do something3: {}", message);
Thread.sleep(1000);
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("; do something3: " message);
}
}
访问接口
代码语言:javascript复制C:UsersAdministrator>curl -X GET "http://localhost:8200/open/somethings" -H "accept: */*"
do something1: create order; do something2: reduce account; do something3: save log
控制台上关键日志如下:
代码语言:javascript复制2020-04-20 00:27:42.238 INFO 5672 --- [ do-something-3] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something3: save log
2020-04-20 00:27:42.238 INFO 5672 --- [ do-something-2] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something2: reduce account
2020-04-20 00:27:42.238 INFO 5672 --- [ do-something-1] x.gits.boot.system.service.AsyncService : do something1: create order
注意事项
@Async
注解会在以下几个场景失效,也就是说明明使用了@Async
注解,但就没有走多线程。
- 异步方法使用static关键词修饰;
- 异步类不是一个Spring容器的bean(一般使用注解
@Component
和@Service
,并且能被Spring扫描到); - SpringBoot应用中没有添加
@EnableAsync
注解; - 在同一个类中,一个方法调用另外一个有@Async注解的方法,注解不会生效。原因是@Async注解的方法,是在代理类中执行的。
通过上边几个示例,@Async实际还是通过Future或CompletableFuture来异步执行的,Spring又封装了一下,让我们使用的更方便。