引言
PostgreSQL是一款功能非常强大的开源关系型数据库,它支持哈希索引、反向索引、部分索引、Expression 索引、GiST、GIN等多种索引模式,同时可安装功能丰富的扩展包。相较于Mysql,PostgreSQ支持通过PostGIS扩展支持地理空间数据、支持嵌套循环,哈希连接,排序合并三种表连接方式等一系列的强化功能。本文主要整理总结了30个实用SQL,方便大家可以高效利用PostgreSQL。
实用SQL语句
一、数据库连接
1、获取数据库实例连接数
代码语言:javascript复制select count(*) from pg_stat_activity;
2、获取数据库最大连接数
代码语言:javascript复制show max_connections
3、查询当前连接数详细信息
代码语言:javascript复制select * from pg_stat_activity;
4、查询数据库中各个用户名对应的数据库连接数
代码语言:javascript复制select usename, count(*) from pg_stat_activity group by usename;
二、赋权操作
1、为指定用户赋予指定表的select权限
代码语言:javascript复制GRANT SELECT ON table_name TO username;
2、修改数据库表所属的ownner
代码语言:javascript复制alter table table_name owner to username;
3、授予指定用户指定表的所有权限
代码语言:javascript复制grant all privileges on table product to username;
4、授予指定用户所有表的所有权限
代码语言:javascript复制GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO username;
三、数据库表或者索引
1、获取数据库表中的索引
代码语言:javascript复制select * from pg_indexes where tablename = 'product';
2、获取当前db中所有表信息
代码语言:javascript复制select * from pg_tables;
3、查询数据库安装了哪些扩展
代码语言:javascript复制select * from pg_extension;
4、查询数据库中的所有表及其描述
代码语言:javascript复制select relname as TABLE_NAME ,col_description(c.oid, 0) as COMMENTS from pg_class c where relkind = 'r' and relname not like 'pg_%' and relname not like 'sql_%'
四、获取数据大小
1、查询执行数据库大小
代码语言:javascript复制select pg_size_pretty (pg_database_size('db_product'));
2、查询数据库实例当中各个数据库大小
代码语言:javascript复制select datname, pg_size_pretty (pg_database_size(datname)) AS size from pg_database;
3、查询单表数据大小
代码语言:javascript复制select pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size('product')) as size;
4、查询数据库表包括索引的大小
代码语言:javascript复制select pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size('table_name')) as size;
5、查看表中索引大小
代码语言:javascript复制select pg_size_pretty(pg_indexes_size('product'));
6、获取各个表中的数据记录数
代码语言:javascript复制select relname as TABLE_NAME, reltuples as rowCounts from pg_class where relkind = 'r' order by rowCounts desc
7、查看数据库表对应的数据文件
代码语言:javascript复制select pg_relation_filepath('product');
五、数据库分析
1、查看数据库实例的版本
代码语言:javascript复制select version();
2、查看最新加载配置的时间
代码语言:javascript复制select pg_conf_load_time();
3、查看当前wal的buffer中有多少字节未写入磁盘
代码语言:javascript复制select pg_xlog_location_diff(pg_current_xlog_insert_location(),pg_current_xlog_location());
4、查询最耗时的5个sql
代码语言:javascript复制select * from pg_stat_statements order by total_time desc limit 5;
备注:需要开启pg_stat_statements
5、获取执行时间最慢的3条SQL,并给出CPU占用比例
代码语言:javascript复制SELECT substring(query, 1, 1000) AS short_query,
round(total_time::numeric, 2) AS total_time,
calls,
round((100 * total_time / sum(total_time::numeric) OVER ())::numeric, 2) AS percentage_cpu
FROM pg_stat_statements
ORDER BY total_time DESC
LIMIT 3;
6、分析评估SQL执行情况
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM product
7、查看当前长时间执行却不结束的SQL
select datname, usename, client_addr, application_name, state, backend_start, xact_start, xact_stay, query_start, query_stay, replace(query, chr(10), ' ') as query from (select pgsa.datname as datname, pgsa.usename as usename, pgsa.client_addr client_addr, pgsa.application_name as application_name, pgsa.state as state, pgsa.backend_start as backend_start, pgsa.xact_start as xact_start, extract(epoch from (now() - pgsa.xact_start)) as xact_stay, pgsa.query_start as query_start, extract(epoch from (now() - pgsa.query_start)) as query_stay , pgsa.query as query from pg_stat_activity as pgsa where pgsa.state != 'idle' and pgsa.state != 'idle in transaction' and pgsa.state != 'idle in transaction (aborted)') idleconnections order by query_stay desc limit 5;
8、查出使用表扫描最多的表
select * from pg_stat_user_tables where n_live_tup > 100000 and seq_scan > 0 order by seq_tup_read desc limit 10;
9、查询读取buffer最多的5个SQL
select * from pg_stat_statements order by shared_blks_hit shared_blks_read desc limit 5;
10、获取数据库当前的回滚事务数以及死锁数
代码语言:javascript复制select datname,xact_rollback,deadlocks from pg_stat_database
11、查询访问指定表的慢查询
代码语言:javascript复制select * from pg_stat_activity where query ilike '%<table_name>%' and query_start - now() > interval '10 seconds';
六、数据库备份(非SQL)
1、备份postgres库并tar打包
代码语言:javascript复制pg_dump -h 127.0.0.1 -p 5432 -U postgres -f postgres.sql.tar -Ft
2、备份postgres库,转储数据为带列名的INSERT命令
代码语言:javascript复制pg_dumpall -d postgres -U postgres -f postgres.sql --column-inserts
总结
本文主要针对PostgreSQL数据库中在日常开发中比较常用的SQL进行了分类的总结,那么大家日常开发工作中,可以在分析数据库性能、数据库连接情况、sql执行情况等数据库分析方面都有对应的SQL语句来进行支撑。