由于公司需要监控web攻击行为,而因某些原因搭不了waf,才不得不用ElastAlert进行告警,此为前提。
一、ELK安装
Elasticsearch 是一个分布式、可扩展、实时的搜索与数据分析引擎。 它能从项目一开始就赋予你的数据以搜索、分析和探索的能力。
Logstash是一款轻量级的日志搜集处理框架,可以方便的把分散的、多样化的日志搜集起来,并进行自定义的处理,然后传输到指定的位置, Kibana是一个开源的分析与可视化平台,设计出来用于和Elasticsearch一起使用的。你可以用kibana搜索、查看、交互存放在Elasticsearch索引里的数据,使用各种不同的图表、表格、地图等kibana能够很轻易地展示高级数据分析与可视化。
ELK这一套软件可以当作一个MVC模型,logstash是controller层,Elasticsearch是一个model层,kibana是view层。首先将数据传给logstash,它将数据进行过滤和格式化(转成JSON格式),然后传给Elasticsearch进行存储、建搜索的索引,kibana提供前端的页面再进行搜索和图表可视化,它是调用Elasticsearch的接口返回的数据进行可视化。logstash和Elasticsearch是用Java写的,kibana使用node.js框架。
安装方法网上有好多,此处就不再阐述。在试用了几乎所有的安装方法后,介绍下本人觉得比较快捷有效的安装方法:
1.1 下载安装匹配版本的elk
elastalert目前还不支持elk6.0以上版本,本人就是因为版本问题而折腾了好久,所以在安装elk的时候需要特别注意版本问题。
代码语言:javascript复制我的服务器概况:
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS
Release: 16.04
Codename: xenial
在尝试了众多安装方法后,还是发现在官方网站下载deb包直接安装最为有效便捷。 (系统若为centos,下载对应的rpm包)
搜索版本下载
代码语言:javascript复制Elasticsearch:5.5.2
Kibana:5.5.2
Logstash:6.0.0
filebeat:6.0.0 (轻量级的logstash,这个下载tar包)
理论上,Elasticsearch及Kibana版本为5.x都可以,而Logstash与elastalert没啥联系,所以Logstash(大于或等于Elasticsearch及Kibana的5.x版本)能向Elasticsearch传递日志信息即可。
下载完elk的deb包后,使用dpkg -i
命令很快就能顺利安装。
1.2 elk配置
同样,此处也只介绍本人的简单配置。我这里是只让Logstash对外开放负责收集日志,而Elasticsearch及Kibana仅在内网访问,故Elasticsearch及Kibana并未开启账户认证登陆,有需要开启或其他需求的读者们请自行搜索。
代码语言:javascript复制/etc/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.yml:
代码语言:javascript复制# Set the bind address to a specific IP (IPv4 or IPv6):
#
network.host: 127.0.0.1
#
# Set a custom port for HTTP:
#
http.port: 9200
代码语言:javascript复制/etc/kibana/kibana.yml:
代码语言:javascript复制 Kibana is served by a back end server. This setting specifies the port to use.
server.port: 5601
# Specifies the address to which the Kibana server will bind. IP addresses and host names are both valid values.
# The default is 'localhost', which usually means remote machines will not be able to connect.
# To allow connections from remote users, set this parameter to a non-loopback address.
server.host: "localhost"
# The URL of the Elasticsearch instance to use for all your queries.
elasticsearch.url: "http://localhost:9200"
我这里需要用到自定义的配置文件,故配置文件是自行创建的,放在/usr/share/logstash/bin中,取名为filebeat_log.conf :
代码语言:javascript复制 input {
beats {
port => 5044
client_inactivity_timeout => 90
codec => json
}
}
filter {
date {
match => [ "timestamp", "dd/MMM/yyyy:HH:mm:ss Z" ]
target => ["datetime"]
}
geoip {
source => "remote_addr"
}
mutate {
remove_field => ["tags", "beat"]
}
}
output {
elasticsearch {
hosts => "localhost:9200"
index => "logstash-%{ YYYY.MM.dd}"
}
stdout {
codec => rubydebug
}
1.3 启动方法
elasticsearch&kibana启动
扫描新的单元&重新载入systemd:
systemctl daemon-reload
加入开机自启动:
systemctl enable elasticsearch.service
systemctl enable kibana.service
启动:
systemctl start elasticsearch
systemctl start kibana
查看状态:
systemctl status elasticsearch
systemctl status kibana
logstash启动
进入/usr/share/logstash/bin:
nohup ./logstash -f filebeat_log.conf> /dev/null 2>&1 &
二、使用filebeat进行分布式收集
一开始直接使用logstash进行日志收集,发现资源消耗实在太大,无奈寻找解决方法,发现filebeat是一个轻量级的日志传输工具,故使用filebeat作为日志收集,而logstash作为中心过滤器向es传递日志。
所以整体的架构如:
- A、B、C、D…(这些服务器是准备监控被攻击行为,装上filebeat)
- 主服务器(装上elk和elastalert,负责收集过滤分析filebeat传递的日志和告警)
下面以tomcat为例子,分享我的配置文件filebeat.yml
(nginx的话,修改paths
的路径):
filebeat.prospectors:
# Each - is a prospector. Most options can be set at the prospector level, so
# you can use different prospectors for various configurations.
# Below are the prospector specific configurations.
- type: log
# Change to true to enable this prospector configuration.
enabled: true
# Paths that should be crawled and fetched. Glob based paths.
paths:
- /home/qy/apache-tomcat-9.0.1/logs/localhost_access_log.*.txt
#- c:programdataelasticsearchlogs*
# Exclude lines. A list of regular expressions to match. It drops the lines that are
# matching any regular expression from the list.
#exclude_lines: ['^DBG']
document_type: tomcat-log
scan_frequency: 15s
ignore_older: 20m
close_inactive: 12m
clean_inactive: 30m
close_removed: true
clean_removed: true
....
#----------------------------- Logstash output --------------------------------
output.logstash:
# The Logstash hosts
hosts: ["188.88.88.88:5044"]
直接解压下载的tar包,进入目录修改配置文件。然后启动filebeat:nohup ./filebeat -e -c filebeat.yml >/dev/null 2>&1 &
三、日志格式转json
为方便kibana分析和elastalert的取值,日志的格式要为json格式,上述的logstash配置文件已适配json格式。
公司的应用服务器中均为nginx和tomcat,故本文只介绍tomcat及nginx的json格式配置方法,其他服务器配置方法请自行搜索。
3.1 tomcat的json格式配置
打开config/server.xml
,在最后的位置修改log的输出配置为:
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"
prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt" pattern="{"time":"%t","remote_addr":"%h","remote_user":"%l","request":"%r","status":"%s","body_bytes_sent":"%b","http_referer":"%{Referer}i","http_user_agent":"%{User-Agent}i","http_x_forwarded_for":" %{X-Forwarded-For}i","request_time":"%T","host":"%v","port":"%p"}"/>
然后重启tomcat,即生效。
3.2 nginx的json格式配置
代码语言:javascript复制进入`/etc/nginx`打开`nginx.conf`,加入如下配置:
代码语言:javascript复制 http {
##
# Basic Settings
##
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
# server_tokens off;
log_format logstash_json '{"time": "$time_local", '
'"remote_addr": "$remote_addr", '
'"remote_user": "$remote_user", '
'"request": "$request", '
'"status": "$status", '
'"body_bytes_sent": "$body_bytes_sent", '
'"http_referer": "$http_referer", '
'"http_user_agent": "$http_user_agent", '
'"http_x_forwarded_for": "$http_x_forwarded_for", '
'"request_time": "$request_time", '
'"request_length": "$request_length", '
'"host": "$http_host"}';
}
最后nginx -s reload
即可
四、使用elastalert进行告警
在经过上述的安装及配置后,终于轮到我们的主角—ElastAlert出来了,其他的告警工具还有411 Alert Management
、Elasticsearch watch
,请读者们自行确定需要使用哪个。
ElastAlert使用python编写,具有容易上手、文档全等特点,虽然这个工具拥有如此多的优点,在搭建过程还是遇到了很多很多的未知错误,主要原因是网上的资料大多是针对es5.x以前的版本而没什么现成的资料可供参考。
4.1 安装elastalert
代码语言:javascript复制 git clone https://github.com/Yelp/elastalert.git
cd elastalert
python setup.py install //可能需要sudo
Pip install -r requirements.txt //可能需要sudo
cp config.yaml.example config.yaml
具体的功能本文就不一一介绍了,请自行前往官方文档了解
4.2 创建索引
安装完成后会系统中会自带三个命令:
elastalert-create-index
、elastalert-rule-from-kibana
、elastalert-test-rule
使用elastalert-create-index
,根据提示设置es后按回车默认即可。
配置完索引及配置文件后,可以使用elastalert-test-rule
进行测试。这里有个bug,如果出现TransportError(400, u'search_phase_execution_exception', u'No mapping found for [alert_time] in order to sort on')
之类的错误,在确认没有其他的问题时,可以先删除索引curl -XDELETE [http://localhost:9200/](http://localhost:9200/)*
,再使用elastalert-create-index
重新生成索引。
4.3 配置config.yaml
代码语言:javascript复制 rules_folder: example_rules
# How often ElastAlert will query Elasticsearch
# The unit can be anything from weeks to seconds
run_every:
seconds: 3 #每三秒向es请求数据
# ElastAlert will buffer results from the most recent
# period of time, in case some log sources are not in real time
buffer_time:
minutes: 15
#日志会延迟进入es,这里是配置query的向前的时间范围,这是15分钟,即查询 time[now-15m, now]
# The Elasticsearch hostname for metadata writeback
# Note that every rule can have its own Elasticsearch host
es_host: 188.88.88.88
# The Elasticsearch port
es_port: 9200
# Optional URL prefix for Elasticsearch
#es_url_prefix: elasticsearch
# Connect with TLS to Elasticsearch
#use_ssl: True
# Verify TLS certificates
#verify_certs: True
# GET request with body is the default option for Elasticsearch.
# If it fails for some reason, you can pass 'GET', 'POST' or 'source'.
# See http://elasticsearch-py.readthedocs.io/en/master/connection.html?highlight=send_get_body_as#transport
# for details
#es_send_get_body_as: GET
# Option basic-auth username and password for Elasticsearch
#es_username: someusername
#es_password: somepassword
# The index on es_host which is used for metadata storage
# This can be a unmapped index, but it is recommended that you run
# elastalert-create-index to set a mapping
writeback_index: elastalert_status
# If an alert fails for some reason, ElastAlert will retry
# sending the alert until this time period has elapsed
alert_time_limit:
days: 1
以上各字段的解释:
Rules_folder:用来加载下一阶段rule的设置,默认是example_rules Run_every:用来设置定时向elasticsearch发送请求 Buffer_time:用来设置请求里时间字段的范围,默认是45分钟 Es_host:elasticsearch的host地址 Es_port:elasticsearch 对应的端口号 Use_ssl:可选的,选择是否用SSL连接es,true或者false Verify_certs:可选的,是否验证TLS证书,设置为true或者false,默认为- true Es_username:es认证的username Es_password:es认证的password Es_url_prefix:可选的,es的url前缀(我的理解是https或者http) Es_send_get_body_as:可选的,查询es的方式,默认的是GET Writeback_index:elastalert产生的日志在elasticsearch中的创建的索引 Alert_time_limit:失败重试的时间限制
4.4 告警配置介绍
在example_rules
目录中新建yaml配置文件 webattack_frequency.yaml
,下面分开介绍这个配置文件的内容(下个小节将分享我的配置文件,此小节仅解释其中的必要设置项):
1、告警规则
ElastAlert支持11种告警规则,本文不一一介绍了,为响应web攻击行为,本文选用的告警规则是frequency
。
name: web attack
# (Required)
# Type of alert.
# the frequency rule type alerts when num_events events occur with timeframe time
type: frequency
# (Required, frequency specific)
# Alert when this many documents matching the query occur within a timeframe
num_events: 10
# (Required, frequency specific)
# num_events must occur within this amount of time to trigger an alert
timeframe:
minutes: 1
# (Required)
# Index to search, wildcard supported
index: logstash-* #对应logstash的配置文件中output的elasticsearch index前缀
filter:
- query_string:
# sql insert xss detect
query: "request: select. (from|limit) OR request: union(.*?)select OR request: into. (dump|out)file "
上述配置文件的意图即是:在一分钟内将匹配query里面的sql注入规则,若匹配次数达到10次,即进行报警。
2、使用邮箱进行告警
ElastAlert提供了 10 多种通知的类型,本文选用的是邮箱告警,还有微信告警、钉钉告警,若有需要,请自行配置。
代码语言:javascript复制smtp_host: smtp.qiye.163.com
smtp_port: 25
smtp_auth_file: /Users/qy/Downloads/work/elastalert/example_rules/smtp_auth_file.yaml
#回复给那个邮箱
email_reply_to: xxx@163.com
#从哪个邮箱发送
from_addr: xxx@163.com
# (Required)
# The alert is use when a match is found
alert:
- "email"
# (required, email specific)
# a list of email addresses to send alerts to
email:
- "shystartree@163.com"
alert_subject: "web attack may be by {} at @{}"
alert_subject_args:
- remote_addr
- time
alert_text_type: alert_text_only
alert_text: |
你好,服务器({})可能正在受到web攻击,请采取手段阻止!!!!
### 截止发邮件前匹配到的请求数:{}
> 发生时间: {}
> timestamp:{}
> attacker's ip: {}
> request: {}
> status:{}
> UA头:{}
>>> 参考来源:{}
alert_text_args:
- host
- num_hits
- time
- "@timestamp"
- remote_addr
- request
- status
- http_user_agent
- source
smtp_auth_file.yaml
的配置内容会在下个小节给出,在这个配置中,我自定义了 alert 的内容,更为精确地突出了攻击者ip、受攻击的服务器、攻击事件等信息。
3、减少重复告警的频率
在实际的使用中,若使用上述的配置,受到攻击的时候邮箱将不断地收到邮件,而这些邮件都对应着同一个攻击实例,根本没必要重复收取,于是,我使用了如下的配置:
代码语言:javascript复制 # 用来区分报警,跟 realert 配合使用,在这里意味着,
# 5 分钟内如果有重复报警,那么当 name 不同时,会当做不同的报警处理,可以是数组
query_key:
- name
# 5 分钟内相同的报警不会重复发送
realert:
minutes: 5
# 指数级扩大 realert 时间,中间如果有报警,
# 则按照 5 -> 10 -> 20 -> 40 -> 60 不断增大报警时间到制定的最大时间,
# 如果之后报警减少,则会慢慢恢复原始 realert 时间
exponential_realert:
hours: 1
在本人实际测试的攻击场景中,发现使用了exponential_realert
后,会错过很多告警(这些告警并不是同一个攻击实例),暂时不确定原因,还请读者们自行确定是否开启该设置。
4.5webattack_frequency.yaml
及smtp_auth_file.yaml
配置文件内容
上述的4.4小节中对每个配置都作了简单的介绍,这里就直接放出web攻击预警的配置文件供各位读者参考。
webattack_frequency.yaml:
# Alert when the rate of events exceeds a threshold
# (Optional)
# Elasticsearch host
#es_host: 188.88.88.88
# (Optional)
# Elasticsearch port
#es_port: 9200
# (OptionaL) Connect with SSL to Elasticsearch
#use_ssl: True
# (Optional) basic-auth username and password for Elasticsearch
#es_username: someusername
#es_password: somepassword
# (Required)
# Rule name, must be unique
name: web attack
realert:
minutes: 5
# (Required)
# Type of alert.
# the frequency rule type alerts when num_events events occur with timeframe time
type: frequency
# (Required)
# Index to search, wildcard supported
index: logstash-*
# (Required, frequency specific)
# Alert when this many documents matching the query occur within a timeframe
num_events: 10
# (Required, frequency specific)
# num_events must occur within this amount of time to trigger an alert
timeframe:
#hours: 4
minutes: 1
# (Required)
# A list of Elasticsearch filters used for find events
# These filters are joined with AND and nested in a filtered query
# For more info: http://www.elasticsearch.org/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/query-dsl.html
#filter:
#- term:
# some_field: "some_value"
filter:
- query_string:
# sql insert xss detect
query: "request: select. (from|limit) OR request: union(.*?)select OR request: into. (dump|out)file OR
request: (base64_decode|sleep|benchmark|and. 1=1|and. 1=2|or |exec|information_schema|where |union |,table_name |cmdshell|table_schema) OR
request: (iframe|script|body|img|layer|div|meta|style|base|object|input|onmouseover|onerror|onload) OR
request: . etc. passwd OR http_user_agent:(HTTrack|harvest|audit|dirbuster|pangolin|nmap|sqln|-scan|hydra|Parser|libwww|BBBike|sqlmap|w3af|owasp|Nikto|fimap|havij|PycURL|zmeu|BabyKrokodil|netsparker|httperf|bench) OR
status: (400|404|500|501)
NOT (request:_health.html OR remote_addr:222.222.222.222 )
"
smtp_host: smtp.qiye.163.com
smtp_port: 25
smtp_auth_file: /Users/qy/Downloads/work/elastalert/example_rules/smtp_auth_file.yaml
#回复给那个邮箱
email_reply_to: xxx@163.com
#从哪个邮箱发送
from_addr: xxx@163.com
# (Required)
# The alert is use when a match is found
alert:
- "email"
# (required, email specific)
# a list of email addresses to send alerts to
email:
- "shystartree@163.com"
alert_subject: "web attack may be by {} at @{}"
alert_subject_args:
- remote_addr
- time
alert_text_type: alert_text_only
alert_text: |
你好,服务器({})可能正在受到web攻击,请采取手段阻止!!!!
### 截止发邮件前匹配到的请求数:{}
> 发生时间: {}
> timestamp:{}
> attacker's ip: {}
> request: {}
> status:{}
> UA头:{}
>>> 参考来源:{}
alert_text_args:
- host
- num_hits
- time
- "@timestamp"
- remote_addr
- request
- status
- http_user_agent
- source
smtp_auth_file.yaml:
user: xxx@163.com
password: password
4.6 运行elastalert
在成功配置完ElastAlert后将生成三个配置文件:
config.yaml、webattack_frequency.yaml、smtp_auth_file.yaml
- 启动elastalert服务,监听elasticsearch:
nohup python -m elastalert.elastalert --verbose --rule webattack_frequency.yaml >/dev/null 2>&1 &
- 为实现守护进程的作用,可以配合
supervisor
进行使用,本文不再阐述。
4.7 运行效果:
当匹配到自定义攻击规则的时候,ElastAlert将会以邮件方式发送告警信息:
代码语言:javascript复制web attack may be by 104.38.13.21 at @[13/Jan/2018:16:06:58 0800]
xxx 发给 shystartree
你好,服务器(199.222.36.31)可能正在受到web攻击,请采取手段阻止!!!!
### 截止发邮件前匹配到的请求数:20
> 发生时间: [13/Jan/2018:16:06:58 0800]
> timestamp:2018-01-13T08:07:04.930Z
> attacker's ip: 184.233.9.121
> request: GET /dbadmin/scripts/setup.php HTTP/1.0
> status:200
> UA头:ZmEu
>>> 参考来源:/log/localhost_access_log.2018-01-13.txt
五、总结
ElastAlert除了本文介绍的告警web攻击行为外,还能进行异常告警等。使用了frequency的规则后,基本能达到识别web攻击的目的。在实际的使用中,elastalert能稳定运行,且能根据自定义配置文件精确告警,缺点是告警的格式不够美观和需要频繁地修改配置文件。
参考链接:
ElastAlert:『Hi,咱服务挂了』:https://xizhibei.github.io/2017/11/19/alerting-with-elastalert/ [ElastAlert]介绍和安装:https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000008227486 被elastalert虐了:http://blog.csdn.net/vbaspdelphi/article/details/54291066