结合Cookie的简单图片验证码的工作原理探究

2022-09-14 20:03:09 浏览数 (1)

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在系统登录时,往往需要同时提交一个验证码。验证码的作用是验证登录者是不是人,因为人能轻松识别的图片,对于机器来说难度却比较大,因此在登陆时进行验证码校验可以阻断大部分爬虫机器人的骚扰,成本低,收益大,使得图片验证码得到了广泛的应用。本文通过网络分析的方式,step by step地探索了图片验证码的工作原理,文章技术门槛低,可读性和可操作性较强,适用于各种闲着没事干的无聊分子。

1.百度“系统登录”,随便找了个登录网站:

http://scm.fstvgo.com/

2.打开该网站,按F12打开开发者模式,点击Network,点击F5进行页面刷新,在Network栏中查看网站请求接口,可以看到有两个比较主要的,

第一个是网站页面的请求API:

代码语言:javascript复制
Request URL: http://scm.fstvgo.com/
Request Method: GET
Status Code: 200 OK
Remote Address: 117.40.130.60:80
引用站点策略: unsafe-url

Request Header:
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: scm.fstvgo.com
Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/90.0.4430.72 Safari/537.36 Edg/90.0.818.42
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8,en-GB;q=0.7,en-US;q=0.6
Cookie: ASP.NET_SessionId=iqzvmskmcbhvuwwgap2kw3pv

第二个是验证码图片的请求API:

代码语言:javascript复制
Request URL: http://scm.fstvgo.com/Login/GetValidateCode
Request Method: GET
Status Code: 200 OK
Remote Address: 117.40.130.60:80
引用站点策略: strict-origin-when-cross-origin

Request Header:
Accept: image/webp,image/apng,image/svg xml,image/*,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8,en-GB;q=0.7,en-US;q=0.6
Connection: keep-alive
Cookie: ASP.NET_SessionId=iqzvmskmcbhvuwwgap2kw3pv
Host: scm.fstvgo.com
Referer: http://scm.fstvgo.com/
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/90.0.4430.72 Safari/537.36 Edg/90.0.818.42

3.直接点击“登录”,查看Network栏中的请求与响应如下:

代码语言:javascript复制
Request URL: http://scm.fstvgo.com/Login/Login
Request Method: POST
Status Code: 200 OK
Remote Address: 117.40.130.60:80
引用站点策略: strict-origin-when-cross-origin


Request Header:
Accept: */*
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8,en-GB;q=0.7,en-US;q=0.6
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 57
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Cookie: ASP.NET_SessionId=iqzvmskmcbhvuwwgap2kw3pv
Host: scm.fstvgo.com
Origin: http://scm.fstvgo.com
Referer: http://scm.fstvgo.com/
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/90.0.4430.72 Safari/537.36 Edg/90.0.818.42
X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest


Form Data:
dlrID: 
dlrPwd: 
checkCode: 
X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
代码语言:javascript复制
{"errorMsg":"验证码不正确!"}

猜测验证码的工作原理是:

1.客户端请求验证码;

2.服务器端生成随机验证码并保存,并根据验证码生成图片,然后回复给客户端;

3.客户端进行登录,输入正确的验证码,服务器端拿到后和存储的验证码进行比较,一致则返回true,不一致则返回false

下面使用python实际验证下:

代码语言:javascript复制
def yzm():
    headers = {
        'Accept': 'application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01',
        'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
        'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
        'Connection': 'keep-alive',
        'Referer': 'http://scm.fstvgo.com/',
        'Host': 'scm.fstvgo.com',
        'Origin': 'http: // scm.fstvgo.com',
        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/90.0.4430.72 Safari/537.36 Edg/90.0.818.42',
    }
    base_url = "http://scm.fstvgo.com/"
    login_url = "http://scm.fstvgo.com/Login/Login"
    yzm_url = "https://img.yuanmabao.com/zijie/pic/2022/09/14/vstc1oot3wa", "wb") as f:
        f.write(cap.content)
        f.close()
    print('打开cap.png,查看并输入其中的验证码:')
    jym = sys.stdin.readline()
    jym = jym.replace('n', '')
    print(jym)

    data = {
        'dlrID': '',
        'dlrPwd': '',
        'checkCode': jym,
        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
    }
    try:
            content = requests.post(login_url, data=data, headers=headers)
            content.encoding = content.apparent_encoding
            content_text = content.text
            content_text = content_text.encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape')
            print(content_text)
    except Exception as e:
        print(e)

首先请求验证码,并保存为图片,打开验证码,在终端输入验证码后进行Login,按照这个步骤的话,验证码校验应该就会通过了。

But… …

还是返回{“errorMsg”:”验证码不正确!”}

仔细对比了下Header,等等,这个Cookie是干什么的?

其实上面的原理分析不全面:Login时服务器端怎么区分你就是之前请求验证码的那个客户端呢?答案就是Cookie。

因此,结合Cookie的图片验证码的工作原理是:

1.客户端使用带Cookie的Header请求验证码;

2.服务器端生成随机验证码verifycode,然后保存为Cookie : verifycode键值对,并根据验证码生成图片,然后回复给客户端;

3.客户端使用同1中的Cookie进行登录,输入正确的验证码,服务器端根据该Cookie查询到相对应的verifycode,并和传过来的进行比较,一致则返回true,不一致则返回false,查不到的话如这个服务器居然还返回了NullReferenceException… …

因此,在Header中加入Cookie后,验证通过。

代码语言:javascript复制
    headers = {
        'Accept': 'application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01',
        'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
        'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
        'Connection': 'keep-alive',
        'Referer': 'http://scm.fstvgo.com/',
        'Host': 'scm.fstvgo.com',
        'Origin': 'http: // scm.fstvgo.com',
        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
        'Cookie': 'ASP.NET_SessionId=xf3vipkyf5vxf34n0acc5t0e',
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/90.0.4430.72 Safari/537.36 Edg/90.0.818.42',
    }

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