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在网络编程中,UDP运用非常广泛。很多网络协议是基于UDP来实现的,如SNMP等。大家常常用到的局域网文件传输软件飞鸽传书也是基于UDP实现的。
本篇文章跟大家分享linux下UDP的使用和实现,主要介绍下sendto()和recvfrom()两个函数的使用,以及INADDR_ANY的说明,并在最后展示了一个经过自己测试可用的UDP Server和UDP Client的代码示例。
头文件
#include
#include
函数原型
int sendto (int s, const void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags, const struct sockaddr *to, int tolen);
int recvfrom(int s, void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags, struct sockaddr *from, int *fromlen);
函数说明
sendto(),是把UDP数据报发给指定地址;recvfrom()是从指定地址接收UDP数据报。
参数说明
s: socket描述符。
buf: UDP数据报缓存地址。
len: UDP数据报长度。
flags: 该参数一般为0。
to: sendto()函数参数,struct sockaddr_in类型,指明UDP数据发往哪里报。
tolen: 对方地址长度,一般为:sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)。
fromlen:recvfrom()函数参数,struct sockaddr_in类型,指明从哪里接收UDP数据报。
函数返回值
对于sendto()函数,成功则返回实际传送出去的字符数,失败返回-1,错误原因存于errno 中。
对于recvfrom()函数,成功则返回接收到的字符数,失败则返回-1,错误原因存于errno中。
struct sockaddr_in结构体
该结构体的定义如下:
/* Structure describing an Internet (IP) socket address. */
#define __SOCK_SIZE__16/* sizeof(struct sockaddr)*/
struct sockaddr_in {
sa_family_tsin_family;/* Address family*/
__be16sin_port;/* Port number*/
struct in_addrsin_addr;/* Internet address*/
/* Pad to size of `struct sockaddr’. */
unsigned char__pad[__SOCK_SIZE__ – sizeof(short int) –
sizeof(unsigned short int) – sizeof(struct in_addr)];
};
其中,sin_family指明地址族,一般使用AF_INET:
#define AF_INET2/* Internet IP Protocol */
sin_port:指明UDP端口;sin_addr指明IP地址:
/* Internet address. */
struct in_addr {
__be32s_addr;
};
INADDR_ANY说明
When you wrote your simple FTP server in project 1, you probably bound your listening socket to the special IP address INADDR_ANY. This allowed your program to work without knowing the IP address of the machine it was running on, or, in the case of a machine with multiple network interfaces, it allowed your server to receive packets destined to any of the interfaces. In reality, the semantics of INADDR_ANY are more complex and involved.
In the simulator, INADDR_ANY has the following semantics: When receiving, a socket bound to this address receives packets from all interfaces. For example, suppose that a host has interfaces 0, 1 and 2. If a UDP socket on this host is bound using INADDR_ANY and udp port 8000, then the socket will receive all packets for port 8000 that arrive on interfaces 0, 1, or 2. If a second socket attempts to Bind to port 8000 on interface 1, the Bind will fail since the first socket already “owns” that port/interface.
When sending, a socket bound with INADDR_ANY binds to the default IP address, which is that of the lowest-numbered interface.
大概的意思就是,作为接收端,当你调用bind()函数绑定IP时使用INADDR_ANY,表明接收来自任意IP、任意网卡的发给指定端口的数据。作为发送端,当用调用bind()函数绑定IP时使用INADDR_ANY,表明使用网卡号最低的网卡进行发送数据,也就是UDP数据广播。
关于UDP数据报
UDP都是以数据报的形式进行发送和接收的,而TCP是以数据流的形式进行发送和接收的。数据报和数据流,这两者要区分开来。
UDP Server和Client源码实例
UDP Server:
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#defineUDP_TEST_PORT50001
int main(int argC, char* arg[])
{
struct sockaddr_in addr;
int sockfd, len = 0;
int addr_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
char buffer[256];
/* 建立socket,注意必须是SOCK_DGRAM */
if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0) {
perror (“socket”);
exit(1);
}
/* 填写sockaddr_in 结构 */
bzero(&addr, sizeof(addr));
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
addr.sin_port = htons(UDP_TEST_PORT);
addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY) ;// 接收任意IP发来的数据
/* 绑定socket */
if (bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr))<0) {
perror(“connect”);
exit(1);
}
while(1) {
bzero(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
len = recvfrom(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0,
(struct sockaddr *)&addr ,&addr_len);
/* 显示client端的网络地址和收到的字符串消息 */
printf(“Received a string from client %s, string is: %sn”,
inet_ntoa(addr.sin_addr), buffer);
/* 将收到的字符串消息返回给client端 */
sendto(sockfd,buffer, len, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, addr_len);
}
return 0;
}
// —————————————————————————-
// End of udp_server.c
UDP Client:
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#defineUDP_TEST_PORT50001
#define UDP_SERVER_IP “127.0.0.1”
int main(int argC, char* arg[])
{
struct sockaddr_in addr;
int sockfd, len = 0;
int addr_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
char buffer[256];
/* 建立socket,注意必须是SOCK_DGRAM */
if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0) {
perror(“socket”);
exit(1);
}
/* 填写sockaddr_in*/
bzero(&addr, sizeof(addr));
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
addr.sin_port = htons(UDP_TEST_PORT);
addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(UDP_SERVER_IP);
while(1) {
bzero(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
printf(“Please enter a string to send to server: n”);
/* 从标准输入设备取得字符串*/
len = read(STDIN_FILENO, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
/* 将字符串传送给server端*/
sendto(sockfd, buffer, len, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, addr_len);
/* 接收server端返回的字符串*/
len = recvfrom(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0,
(struct sockaddr *)&addr, &addr_len);
printf(“Receive from server: %sn”, buffer);
}
return 0;
}
// —————————————————————————-
// End of udp_client.c
上述代码是经过验证可用的。
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