前文再续，上一回我们完成了用户的登录逻辑，将之前用户管理模块中添加的用户账号进行账号和密码的校验，过程中使用图形验证码强制进行人机交互，防止账号的密码被暴力破解。本回我们需要为登录成功的用户生成Token，并且通过Iris的中间件(Middleware)进行鉴权操作。
Iris模板复用
在生成Token之前，首先我们需要对项目的模板进行优化改造，目前存在的页面模板有三块，分别是：首页模板(index.html)、登录页模板(signin.html)、后台用户管理页模板(/admin/user.html)，虽然页面并不多，但不难发现，有很多重复的代码，比方说，首页模板和登录页模板都有公共的头部导航菜单，没必要每个模板都写一遍相同的代码，再比如，三块模板都会有axios的封装逻辑，也没必要三块模板封装三次，除此之外，以后模板多了，不做复用，就会出现维护困难的问题。
首先提取页面模板的公共部分，比如头部导航，在views目录建立header.html:
代码语言：javascript复制<nav class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top">
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<div class="react-toggle-track-x"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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 pzwrCuLq4ISEv/gHmitrAwfPbEkXc/ad4dL6iujrvyX0jcitgd/yZlZqftP6995Mr5TVLa22Tn8XVX2g/XLSRjUu7Q79jonS7I7hS7/0oOb5VyqF52n98oj7esXX07EjlxwXWisRmSnm3b29TTM8iYrjmFBWExubxwY/uhNas4r/WySl1fc5cetDMd7ydl lMJJRw5WC8ud62Xx5rfepzwxgZmbhUYNS5Stvsj4yo2GXJEFBVHWDBkfdbR9HpYBaaUajDnBLKKpl1xRKYcgGtMCqEzTaSnThk/SQT0uJqTqFNBmXMCsZE48DzRZRMBRjv1GHNdk3HBImF9ZUvTyxM40pMKVc4JZBXQOLOFoDeKSxdp6HIQcO4rjYT9fn0pjbz9GLt7BAAODmjSVReXUMFzNW5x5vfxp2mIxZjIuQKJxAmFa is2DQJJQ0JyBVExNOYcJnPxx/6/utnijmP555ALEagKAGGnGn64QORBjARcIA/yJk7JMJBLRrNtybTvH88KGjCf2jK86bhzmMcwDKFZEQvbIhxFYhChoMWMzU2iWznlIBEVJOsP 1bdX/ALx9l7jApADeDAEcMkE90JnUmmGl4USKQ0xhoW3JB5XY0YrxYWhLwMZZypUyjDGH35AbNwgUGiFBPpuGbHCpAOV1ZGXf2f/taftAv31DyeymN2d1IhAFAwTOmnzF/kKcdh3me7CYCOVNgycju84u8DeVlwfFq9/ZlTfldYrMUjOlrkjkD rU WzCROkcEchIDHR011syZW9JHD7y07N6JvhWMpz3pugaTkB6lWFVCKkhck0zzeMp2utq uHrmfxOgoCO/Z8CXPlEQ1bdH8wgvhSIkEG0ICcQeExIFGdimjvKka7btJFZuaXOammIGKUCFQ53j9EN1dYKWqHf0t2w407W2tgs6h89ZnImjB55flh81tt9XirjjDuSl oIPRQ0iWPgNZ5GqTqbBe3vSzEl5n5PhWKwocyR2HlqYN61qV18WjYjE8JLARZPQsUSim8foIRYTlGr02Ly7piASFRtKJ4VfieYhxdS2JcDVMN6xVOKZyrCGm8b108lrLRVzvptLH7IoEFLFANes6KnDi uxfmvFnF17oALq5u1agu3/YfHkcSFzeSggV5eXRfIB7CHNcO5SUI Ih5Ir7f4MAV9IqdFzdZgNpZw1Gcs1mNvgGbTbqQ9/cz7ZuuhgyYRQ49ljTyWHhr2DwpNHHFf 5gnWZ3Bharo 0TD5dNMw5vv9RlVpSRDHK4TlnoukhtYApuOHejSZQuo5g/A9BysdKRCyLl6062fN37OXMDlvUJtUrtmxo0avrW3wTrYs3jJ9RvRVChrmSmanPMpX2OXMsmDGh6AiEIwBAlvkOqIdBy 8JyAz8pz7QxiDth4KDy5uAlwzrWTnwC8Vc4KVAMZ3YUZ IqoIjP3h5KFFX1ZMy3uW 7RhEDHgTi0zC9rS7uhPCDiNrGFyqBeERtKN/B0YlyFCkw0NJ5C0Ojv7zvT1a1WV1TuvZDdL4NTgB7CASYpsen6gqvG5jmTf5qHedADgkBl3D0nkSgNhZACDyi0FUKZRr3IdRjgN4WPPoFMIIegIK3mqd38fS80mcJKelM4szNyzZtQbkchGePuBRS8Eg9pHU8ojRQpSqs ajAIwTjjUMQ/nvTNM0kicwYxZIYMh/891DYi fvedB c1xsm4lDU6ya Axtz RiAzEVYbajQOpq17F0R9QevNcEhfcU xvyQQUalGJBSesqOkgPQ4YNyUZL9fSvUPDjoNAwN8/dwFjaczNkc3ptaMud1EIDtGcmXTcefO2cGSvKIFfp/2JIJxlq7xEl3nVPM4fDeIbPkD16/ptNc0bDu7qxbsu0R2JGywWMIjF2ft3tjfloAyQAGXiOn8hrqwbVvMXzaO QeHXP6nF0wvX74Hf4NGG5GPjSlYoyM3P/0FbCT6zvM/yYoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="16" height="16" role="presentation" style="pointer-events: none;"></div></div><div class="react-toggle-thumb"></div></div>
<div class="search navbar-right" >
<form action="/Index_search" method ="GET" class="search_form" >
<input type="search" name="text" class="search_input" placeholder="Search" required="required" >
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>随后，在需要头部导航的模板进行引入操作，比如修改signin.html:
代码语言：javascript复制${ render "header.html" }注意，使用${}是为了避免和前端的Vue.js标签冲突。
同样地，将封装axios.js逻辑单独抽取出来myaxios.html:
代码语言：javascript复制<script>
const myaxios = function (url, type, data = {}) {
return new
Promise((resolve) => {
if (type === "get" || type === "delete") {
axios({
method: type,
url: url,
params: data
}).then((result) => {
resolve(result.data);
});
} else {
const params = new URLSearchParams();
for (var key in data) {
params.append(key,data[key]);
}
axios({
method: type,
url: url,
data:params
}).then((result) => {
resolve(result.data);
});
}
});
}
</script>然后在需要的地方进行引入操作：
代码语言：javascript复制${ render "myaxios.html" }如此，我们只需要维护模板的公共部分即可。
修改后，项目的结构如下：
代码语言：javascript复制.
├── README.md
├── assets
│ ├── css
│ │ └── style.css
│ └── js
│ ├── axios.js
│ └── vue.js
├── database
│ └── database.go
├── favicon.ico
├── go.mod
├── go.sum
├── handler
│ ├── admin.go
│ └── user.go
├── main.go
├── model
│ └── model.go
├── mytool
│ └── mytool.go
├── tmp
│ └── runner-build
└── views
├── admin
│ └── user.html
├── admin_header.html
├── header.html
├── index.html
├── myaxios.html
├── signin.html
└── test.htmlJWT生成逻辑
JSON Web Token (JWT)是一个互联网应用的开放标准(RFC 7519)，它定义了一种紧凑的、自包含的方式，用于作为JSON对象在各方之间安全地传输信息，这种信息可以被验证和信任，因为它是数字签名的。
说白了，登录成功以后，生成一个 JSON 对象，返回给前端，就像下面这样：
代码语言：javascript复制{
"uid":1
}这之后，用户与服务端通信的时候，所有请求都要带着这个JSON 对象。服务器完全只靠这个对象认定用户身份。为了防止JSON对象被篡改，服务器在生成这个对象的时候，会加上签名，变成这种模样：
代码语言：javascript复制eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJVaWQiOjEsImlhdCI6MTY2MTg0MjYxMCwiZXhwIjoxNjYxODQ1NjEwfQ.BXK9awvVCk7L3JAnDGt9z6U9TOjPCpI0AcHRu1eq_mo这玩意就是普遍意义上的Token，俗称“令牌”。
在我们的项目中，需要为登录校验通过的账号生成Token，首先安装jwt包：
代码语言：javascript复制go get -u github.com/kataras/iris/v12/middleware/jwt随后修改本地的工具包mytool.jwt:
代码语言：javascript复制package mytool
import (
"crypto/md5"
"fmt"
"io"
"time"
"github.com/dchest/captcha"
"github.com/kataras/iris/v12"
"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/middleware/jwt"
)
var SigKey = []byte("signature_hmac_secret_shared_key")
type PlayLoad struct {
Uid uint
}
func GenerateToken(uid uint) string {
signer := jwt.NewSigner(jwt.HS256, SigKey, 50*time.Minute)
claims := PlayLoad{Uid: uid}
token, err := signer.Sign(claims)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
s := string(token)
return s
}众所周知，Token由三部分组成：头部、载荷以及秘钥。这里SigKey字符为签名秘钥，PlayLoad结构体为载荷信息，这里通过签名生成一个字符格式的token，注意返回前端时，需要强转为字符串。
需要注意的是，生成签名时使用的是HS256算法，同时为了确保安全性，token设置生命周期，这里为50分钟。
随后修改用户登录逻辑，将生成好的token返回给前端：
代码语言：javascript复制//登录动作
func Signin(ctx iris.Context) {
ret := make(map[string]interface{}, 0)
cid := ctx.PostValue("cid")
code := ctx.PostValue("code")
if captcha.VerifyString(cid, code) == false {
ret["errcode"] = 2
ret["msg"] = "登录失败,验证码错误"
ctx.JSON(ret)
return
}
db := database.Db()
defer func() {
_ = db.Close()
}()
Username := ctx.PostValue("username")
Password := ctx.PostValue("password")
user := &model.User{}
db.Where(&model.User{Username: Username, Password: mytool.Make_password((Password))}).First(&user)
if user.ID == 0 {
ret["errcode"] = 1
ret["msg"] = "登录失败,账号或者密码错误"
ctx.JSON(ret)
return
}
token := mytool.GenerateToken(user.ID)
fmt.Println(token)
ret["errcode"] = 0
ret["msg"] = "登录成功"
ret["username"] = user.Username
ret["token"] = token
ctx.JSON(ret)
}前端接收的返回值为：
代码语言：javascript复制{
"errcode": 0,
"msg": "登录成功",
"token": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJVaWQiOjEsImlhdCI6MTY2MTg0MzI5MSwiZXhwIjoxNjYxODQ2MjkxfQ.547z3nv4qj2-UeHTzfeG_qSsnFZD2DFyCP9gNZ-QiHA",
"username": "123"
}随后前端收到token后，将其存储localstorage，然后跳转到后台页面：
代码语言：javascript复制//登录请求
signin:function(){
this.myaxios("http://localhost:5000/signin/","post",{"username":this.username,"password":this.password,"cid":this.cid,"code":this.code}).then(data => {
console.log(data)
alert(data.msg);
localStorage.setItem("token",data.token);
window.location.href = "/admin/user/"
});
}localStorage存储是永久的，如果对安全性要求较高，可以采用sessionStorage，token生命周期就会跟随浏览器进程，但之前设置的token生命周期就没意义了，各有利弊，各自权衡。
中间件(Middleware)鉴权
所谓中间件，是一类提供系统软件和应用软件之间连接、便于软件各部件之间的沟通的软件，应用软件可以借助中间件在不同的技术架构之间共享信息与资源。
说白了，就是在所有需要鉴权的接口前面加一层逻辑，便于批量管理和控制：
代码语言：javascript复制verifier := jwt.NewVerifier(jwt.HS256, mytool.SigKey)
verifyMiddleware := verifier.Verify(func() interface{} {
return new(mytool.PlayLoad)
})这里声明中间件变量verifyMiddleware，该变量会返回一个载荷结构体对象。
随后，为所有的后台接口、包括后台模板添加中间件：
代码语言：javascript复制adminhandler := app.Party("/admin")
adminhandler.Use(verifyMiddleware)
adminhandler.Get("/userlist/", handler.Admin_userlist)
adminhandler.Delete("/user_action/", handler.Admin_userdel)
adminhandler.Put("/user_action/", handler.Admin_userupdate)
adminhandler.Post("/user_action/", handler.Admin_useradd)
adminhandler.Get("/user/", handler.Admin_user_page)如此，所有后台操作都需要中间件的鉴权操作。
换句话说，如果请求地址中没有token或者token不合法，就不会返回正常数据。
访问：http://localhost:5000/admin/user 如图所示：
如果带着token:
当然了，之后所有的后台请求都需要携带token，所以改造上面封装的myaxios.html:
代码语言：javascript复制<script>
var mytoken = localStorage.getItem("token");
const myaxios = function (url, type, data = {}) {
return new
Promise((resolve) => {
if (type === "get" || type === "delete") {
axios({
method: type,
url: url "?token=" mytoken,
params: data
}).then((result) => {
resolve(result.data);
});
} else {
const params = new URLSearchParams();
for (var key in data) {
params.append(key,data[key]);
}
axios({
method: type,
url: url "?token=" mytoken,
data:params
}).then((result) => {
resolve(result.data);
});
}
});
}
</script>藉此，每个后端请求都会携带token。
结语
JWT形式的认证体系将用户状态分散到了客户端中，相比于服务端的session存储，可以明显减轻服务端的内存压力，此外，使用Iris中间件鉴权的方式有助于提高代码的重用性，也更便于维护，更加优雅。该项目已开源在Github：https://github.com/zcxey2911/IrisBlog ，与君共觞，和君共勉。
