1.kubernetets容器资源限制
Kubernetes采用request和limit两种限制类型来对资源进行分配
• request(需求资源)：即运行Pod的节点必须满足运行Pod的最基本需求才能运行Pod • limit(资源限额)：即运行Pod期间，可能内存使用量会增加，可以在yaml文件中设定最多能使用多少内存配置资源限额
资源类型：
• CPU的单位是核心数，内存的单位是字节； • 一个容器申请0.5个CPU，就相当于申请1个CPU的一半，你也可以加个后缀m表示千分之一的概念；比如说100m的CPU，100豪的CPU和0.1个CPU是一样的
内存单位： • K、M、G、T、P、E #通常以1000为换算标准 • Ki、Mi、Gi、Ti、Pi、Ei #通常以1024为换算标准
1).内存限制
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node11 ~]# docker load -i stress.tar
[root@node11 harbor]# docker push reg.westos.org/library/stress:latest上传镜像到私有仓库
[root@node22 limit]# vim pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: memory-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: memory-demo
image: stress
args:
- --vm
- "1"
- --vm-bytes
- 200M
resources:
requests:
memory: 50Mi
limits:
memory: 100Mi
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl apply -f pod.yaml
pod/memory-demo created
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl get pod 运行内存时出现问题
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
memory-demo 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 17s
超过限制的内存就无法运行
如果容器超过设定的内存限制，则会被终止；如果可重新启动，则与所有其他类型的运行时故障一样，kubelet将重新启动它；如果一个容器超过其内存请求，那么当节点内存不足时，它的Pod可能被逐出
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 limit]# vim pod.yaml 将最大限制增加到201M
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: memory-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: memory-demo
image: stress
args:
- --vm
- "1"
- --vm-bytes
- 200M
resources:
requests:
memory: 50Mi
limits:
memory: 201Mi
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl apply -f pod.yaml
pod/memory-demo created
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
memory-demo 1/1 Running 0 7s
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl delete -f pod.yaml
pod "memory-demo" deleted
2).cpu限制
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 limit]# vim pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: memory-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: memory-demo
image: stress
args:
- -c
- "2"
resources:
requests:
cpu: 5
limits:
cpu: 10
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl apply -f pod.yaml
pod/memory-demo created
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl get pod cpu
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
memory-demo 0/1 Pending 0 6s
##调度失败是因为申请的CPU资源超出集群节点所能提供的资源；但CPU使用率过高，不会被杀死pod
[root@node22 limit]# vim pod.yaml 将cpu数量降低一点
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: memory-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: memory-demo
image: stress
args:
- -c
- "2"
resources:
requests:
cpu: 1
limits:
cpu: 2
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl apply -f pod.yaml
pod/memory-demo created
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
memory-demo 1/1 Running 0 3s
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl delete -f pod.yaml --force
3).为namespace设置资源限制
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 limit]# vim limit.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: LimitRange
metadata:
name: limitrange-memory
spec:
limits:
- default:
cpu: 0.5
memory: 512Mi
defaultRequest:
cpu: 0.1
memory: 256Mi
max:
cpu: 1
memory: 1Gi
min:
cpu: 0.1
memory: 100Mi
type: Container
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl apply -f limit.yaml
limitrange/limitrange-memory created
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl get limitranges
NAME CREATED AT
limitrange-memory 2022-09-03T15:55:19Z
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl describe limitranges
Name: limitrange-memory
Namespace: default
Type Resource Min Max Default Request Default Limit Max Limit/Request Ratio
---- -------- --- --- --------------- ------------- -----------------------
Container cpu 100m 1 100m 500m -
Container memory 100Mi 1Gi 256Mi 512Mi -
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl run demo --image=nginx
pod/demo created
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl describe pod demo
Limits:
cpu: 500m
memory: 512Mi
Requests:
cpu: 100m
memory: 256Mi
##LimitRange在namespace中施加的最小和最大内存限制只有在创建和更新Pod时才会被应用，改变LimitRange不会对之前创建的Pod造成影响
[root@node22 limit]# vim pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: memory-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: memory-demo
image: nginx
resources:
requests:
cpu: 1
memory: 500Mi
limits:
cpu: 2
memory: 1Gi
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl apply -f pod.yaml cpu指定时最大一个
Error from server (Forbidden): error when creating "pod.yaml": pods "memory-demo" is forbidden: maximum cpu usage per Container is 1, but limit is 2
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl describe limitranges
Name: limitrange-memory
Namespace: default
Type Resource Min Max Default Request Default Limit Max Limit/Request Ratio
---- -------- --- --- --------------- ------------- -----------------------
Container cpu 100m 1 100m 500m -
Container memory 100Mi 1Gi 256Mi 512Mi -
[root@node22 limit]# vim pod.yaml 把最大限制改为1
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: memory-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: memory-demo
image: nginx
resources:
requests:
cpu: 1
memory: 500Mi
limits:
cpu: 1
memory: 1Gi
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl apply -f pod.yaml
pod/memory-demo created
4).为namespace设置资源配额
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 limit]# vim limit.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: LimitRange
metadata:
name: limitrange-memory
spec:
limits:
- default:
cpu: 0.5
memory: 512Mi
defaultRequest:
cpu: 0.1
memory: 256Mi
max:
cpu: 1
memory: 1Gi
min:
cpu: 0.1
memory: 100Mi
type: Container
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
name: mem-cpu-demo
spec:
hard:
requests.cpu: "1"
requests.memory: 1Gi
limits.cpu: "2"
limits.memory: 2Gi
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl apply -f limit.yaml
limitrange/limitrange-memory configured
resourcequota/mem-cpu-demo created
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
demo 1/1 Running 0 10m
memory-demo 1/1 Running 0 4m43s
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl describe resourcequotas
Name: mem-cpu-demo
Namespace: default
Resource Used Hard
-------- ---- ----
limits.cpu 1500m 2
limits.memory 1536Mi 2Gi
requests.cpu 1100m 1
requests.memory 756Mi 1Gi
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl delete limitranges limitrange-memory 删除限制
limitrange "limitrange-memory" deleted
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl describe limitranges
No resources found in default namespace.
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl run demo3 --image=nginx 配置完后必须设置限制，否则无法创建
Error from server (Forbidden): pods "demo3" is forbidden: failed quota: mem-cpu-demo: must specify limits.cpu,limits.memory,requests.cpu,requests.memory
创建的ResourceQuota对象将在default名字空间中添加以下限制：
• 每个容器必须设置内存请求（memory request），内存限额（memory
limit），cpu请求（cpu request）和cpu限额（cpu limit）。
• 所有容器的内存请求总额不得超过1 GiB。
• 所有容器的内存限额总额不得超过2 GiB。
• 所有容器的CPU请求总额不得超过1 CPU。
• 所有容器的CPU限额总额不得超过2 CPU。
5).为 Namespace 配置Pod配额:
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 limit]# vim limit.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: LimitRange
metadata:
name: limitrange-memory
spec:
limits:
- default:
cpu: 0.5
memory: 512Mi
defaultRequest:
cpu: 0.1
memory: 256Mi
max:
cpu: 1
memory: 1Gi
min:
cpu: 0.1
memory: 100Mi
type: Container
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
name: mem-cpu-demo
spec:
hard:
requests.cpu: "1"
requests.memory: 1Gi
limits.cpu: "2"
limits.memory: 2Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
name: pod-demo
spec:
hard:
pods: "2"
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl apply -f limit.yaml
limitrange/limitrange-memory configured
resourcequota/mem-cpu-demo unchanged
resourcequota/pod-demo created
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl describe resourcequotas
Name: mem-cpu-demo
Namespace: default
Resource Used Hard
-------- ---- ----
limits.cpu 0 2
limits.memory 0 2Gi
requests.cpu 0 1
requests.memory 0 1Gi
Name: pod-demo
Namespace: default
Resource Used Hard
-------- ---- ----
pods 0 2
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl run demo1 --image=nginx
pod/demo1 created
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl run demo2 --image=nginx
pod/demo2 created
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl describe resourcequotas 最多建立两个pod
Name: mem-cpu-demo
Namespace: default
Resource Used Hard
-------- ---- ----
limits.cpu 1 2
limits.memory 1Gi 2Gi
requests.cpu 200m 1
requests.memory 512Mi 1Gi
Name: pod-demo
Namespace: default
Resource Used Hard
-------- ---- ----
pods 2 2
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl run demo3 --image=nginx
Error from server (Forbidden): pods "demo3" is forbidden: exceeded quota: pod-demo, requested: pods=1, used: pods=2, limited: pods=2
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl delete -f limit.yaml
limitrange "limitrange-memory" deleted
resourcequota "mem-cpu-demo" deleted
resourcequota "pod-demo" deleted
[root@node22 limit]# kubectl delete pod --all
pod "demo1" deleted
pod "demo2" deleted
2.kubernetes资源监控
1).Metrics-Ser ver部署
Metrics-Server是集群核心监控数据的聚合器，用来替换之前的heapster。
容器相关的 Metrics 主要来自于 kubelet 内置的 cAdvisor 服务，有了Metrics[1] Server之后，用户就可以通过标准的 Kubernetes API 来访问到这些监控数据。
• Metrics API 只可以查询当前的度量数据，并不保存历史数据。 • Metrics API URI 为 /apis/metrics.k8s.io/，在 k8s.io/metrics 维护。 • 必须部署 metrics-server 才能使用该 API，metrics-server 通过调用 Kubelet Summary
API 获取数据。
示例：
代码语言：javascript复制• http://127.0.0.1:8001/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes
• http://127.0.0.1:8001/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes/<node-name>
• http://127.0.0.1:8001/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespace/<namespace[1]
name>/pods/<pod-name>
Metrics Server并不是kube-apiserver的一部分，而是通过Aggregator这种插件机制，在独立部署的情况下同kube-apiserver一起统一对外服务的
kube-aggregator其实就是一个根据URL选择具体的API后端的代理服务器
Metrics-server属于Core metrics(核心指标)，提供API metrics.k8s.io，仅提供Node和Pod的CPU和内存使用情况，而其他Custom Metrics(自定义指标)由Prometheus等组件来完成
资源下载：GitHub - kubernetes-sigs/metrics-server: Scalable and efficient source of container resource metrics for Kubernetes built-in autoscaling pipelines.
Metrics-server部署：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 ~]# mkdir metrics
[root@node22 ~]# cd metrics/
[root@node22 metrics]# wget https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/metrics-server/releases/latest/download/components.yaml
[root@node22 metrics]# vim components.yaml 修改镜像路径
[root@node22 metrics]# kubectl apply -f components.yaml
部署后查看Metrics-server的Pod日志：
1).错误1：dial tcp: lookup server2 on 10.96.0.10:53: no such host
这是因为没有内网的DNS服务器，所以metrics-server无法解析节点名字。可以直接修改
coredns的configmap，讲各个节点的主机名加入到hosts中，这样所有Pod都可以从
CoreDNS中解析各个节点的名字。
代码语言：javascript复制• kubectl edit configmap coredns -n kube-system
apiVersion: v1
data:
Corefile: |
...
ready
hosts {
172.25.0.11 server1
172.25.0.12 server2
172.25.0.13 server3
fallthrough
}
kubernetes cluster.local in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa {
2).报错2：x509: certificate signed by unknown authority
Metric Server 支持一个参数 --kubelet-insecure-tls，可以跳过这一检查，然而官
方也明确说了，这种方式不推荐生产使用。
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 metrics]# vim components.yaml
[root@node22 metrics]# kubectl apply -f components.yaml [root@node22 metrics]# kubectl -n kube-system get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE calico-kube-controllers-6444b57c6d-h6gcd 1/1 Running 7 (9h ago) 7d calico-node-jcwvw 1/1 Running 0 6h39m calico-node-rl8mx 1/1 Running 7 (9h ago) 7d2h calico-node-xxksv 1/1 Running 5 (9h ago) 7d2h coredns-7b56f6bc55-2pwnh 1/1 Running 9 (9h ago) 10d coredns-7b56f6bc55-g458w 1/1 Running 9 (9h ago) 10d etcd-node22 1/1 Running 9 (9h ago) 10d kube-apiserver-node22 1/1 Running 8 (9h ago) 9d kube-controller-manager-node22 1/1 Running 26 (92m ago) 10d kube-proxy-8qc8h 1/1 Running 7 (9h ago) 9d kube-proxy-cscgp 1/1 Running 9 (9h ago) 9d kube-proxy-cz4r9 1/1 Running 0 6h39m kube-scheduler-node22 1/1 Running 25 (92m ago) 10d metrics-server-58fc4b6dbd-7dgd4 1/1 Running 0 52s [root@node22 metrics]# kubectl top pod No resources found in default namespace. [root@node22 metrics]# kubectl top node NAME CPU(cores) CPU% MEMORY(bytes) MEMORY% node22 216m 10% 1211Mi 70% node33 84m 4% 931Mi 54% node44 96m 4% 836Mi 48%
启用TLS Bootstrap 证书签发
3).报错3: Error from server (ServiceUnavailable): the server is currently unable to
handle the request (get nodes.metrics.k8s.io)
• 如果metrics-server正常启动，没有错误，应该就是网络问题。修改metrics[1]
server的Pod 网络模式：
[root@node22 metrics]# kubectl apply -f components.yaml
[root@node22 metrics]# kubectl get pod -n kube-system -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
calico-kube-controllers-6444b57c6d-h6gcd 1/1 Running 7 (9h ago) 7d 10.244.35.149 node22 <none> <none>
calico-node-jcwvw 1/1 Running 0 6h49m 192.168.0.44 node44 <none> <none>
calico-node-rl8mx 1/1 Running 7 (9h ago) 7d2h 192.168.0.22 node22 <none> <none>
calico-node-xxksv 1/1 Running 5 (9h ago) 7d2h 192.168.0.33 node33 <none> <none>
coredns-7b56f6bc55-2pwnh 1/1 Running 9 (9h ago) 10d 10.244.35.150 node22 <none> <none>
coredns-7b56f6bc55-g458w 1/1 Running 9 (9h ago) 10d 10.244.35.148 node22 <none> <none>
etcd-node22 1/1 Running 9 (9h ago) 10d 192.168.0.22 node22 <none> <none>
kube-apiserver-node22 1/1 Running 8 (9h ago) 9d 192.168.0.22 node22 <none> <none>
kube-controller-manager-node22 1/1 Running 26 (101m ago) 10d 192.168.0.22 node22 <none> <none>
kube-proxy-8qc8h 1/1 Running 7 (9h ago) 9d 192.168.0.33 node33 <none> <none>
kube-proxy-cscgp 1/1 Running 9 (9h ago) 9d 192.168.0.22 node22 <none> <none>
kube-proxy-cz4r9 1/1 Running 0 6h49m 192.168.0.44 node44 <none> <none>
kube-scheduler-node22 1/1 Running 25 (102m ago) 10d 192.168.0.22 node22 <none> <none>
metrics-server-7c77876544-zbz96 1/1 Running 0 37s 192.168.0.44 node44 <none> <none>
4).Dashboard
Dashboard可以给用户提供一个可视化的Web界面来查看当前集群的各种信息；用户可以用Kubernetes Dashboard部署容器化的应用、监控应用的状态、执行故障排查任务以及管理Kubernetes各种资源
网址：https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard
下载部署文件：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 ~]# mkdir dashboard
[root@node22 ~]# cd dashboard/
[root@node22 dashboard]# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.5.0/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml
[root@node22 dashboard]# kubectl apply -f recommended.yaml
namespace/kubernetes-dashboard created
serviceaccount/kubernetes-dashboard created
service/kubernetes-dashboard created
secret/kubernetes-dashboard-certs created
secret/kubernetes-dashboard-csrf created
secret/kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder created
configmap/kubernetes-dashboard-settings created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
deployment.apps/kubernetes-dashboard created
service/dashboard-metrics-scraper created
deployment.apps/dashboard-metrics-scraper created
[root@node22 dashboard]# kubectl get ns
NAME STATUS AGE
default Active 11d
ingress-nginx Active 8d
kube-node-lease Active 11d
kube-public Active 11d
kube-system Active 11d
kubernetes-dashboard Active 20s
metallb-system Active 10d
nfs-client-provisioner Active 7d12h
test Active 8d
[root@node22 dashboard]# kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard edit svc kubernetes-dashboard
service/kubernetes-dashboard edited
[root@node22 dashboard]# kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get svc NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE dashboard-metrics-scraper ClusterIP 10.100.32.222 <none> 8000/TCP 3m37s kubernetes-dashboard LoadBalancer 10.106.229.89 192.168.0.112 443:33958/TCP 3m38s [root@node22 dashboard]# kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get secrets NAME TYPE DATA AGE default-token-j88k4 kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 8m3s kubernetes-dashboard-certs Opaque 0 8m3s kubernetes-dashboard-csrf Opaque 1 8m3s kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder Opaque 2 8m3s kubernetes-dashboard-token-q72h6 kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 8m3s [root@node22 dashboard]# kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard describe secrets kubernetes-dashboard-token-q72h6
查看登陆token
默认kubernetes-dashboard这个serviceaccount对集群没有操作权限，通过rbac进行角色绑定授权
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 dashboard]# vim rbac.yaml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: kubernetes-dashboard-admin
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: kubernetes-dashboard
namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
[root@node22 dashboard]# kubectl apply -f rbac.yaml
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard-admin created
在浏览器刷新页面后即可查看到数据
3.Helm
Helm是Kubernetes应用的包管理工具，主要用来管理Charts，类似Linux系统的yum
Helm Chart是用来封装Kubernetes原生应用程序的一系列YAML文件，可以在你部署应用的时候自定义应用程序的一些Metadata，以便于应用程序的分发
对于应用发布者而言，可以通过Helm打包应用、管理应用依赖关系、管理应用版本并发布应用到软件仓库
对于使用者而言，使用Helm后不用需要编写复杂的应用部署文件，可以以简单的方式在Kubernetes上查找、安装、升级、回滚、卸载应用程序
Helm V3 与 V2 最大的区别在于去掉了tiller：
1).Helm当前最新版本 v3.1.0 官网：https://helm.sh/docs/intro/
Helm安装：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 ~]# mkdir helm
[root@node22 ~]# cd helm/
[root@node22 helm]# cp /root/helm-v3.9.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz .
[root@node22 helm]# tar zxf helm-v3.9.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
[root@node22 helm]# ls
helm-v3.9.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz linux-amd64
[root@node22 helm]# cd linux-amd64/
[root@node22 linux-amd64]# mv helm /usr/local/bin
2).设置helm命令补齐：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 ~]# echo "source <(helm completion bash)" >> ~/.bashrc
[root@node22 ~]# source .bashrccd
3).搜索官方helm hub chart库：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 ~]# helm search hub nginx
URL CHART VERSION APP VERSION DESCRIPTION
https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/mirantis/n... 0.1.0 1.16.0 A NGINX Docker Community based Helm chart for K...
https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/bitnami/nginx 13.2.3 1.23.1 NGINX Open Source is a web server that can be a...
https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/bitnami-ak... 13.2.1 1.23.1 NGINX Open Source is a web server that can be a...
https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/test-nginx... 0.1.0 1.16.0 A Helm chart for Kubernetes
https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/wiremind/n... 2.1.1 An NGINX HTTP server
https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/dysnix/nginx 7.1.8 1.19.4 Chart for the nginx server
https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/zrepo-test... 5.1.5 1.16.1 Chart for the nginx server
https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/cloudnativ... 3.2.0 1.16.0 Chart for the nginx server
4).Helm 添加第三方 Chart 库：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 ~]# helm repo add bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami 创建仓库
"bitnami" has been added to your repositories
[root@node22 ~]# helm search repo nginx 查询
NAME CHART VERSION APP VERSION DESCRIPTION
bitnami/nginx 13.2.3 1.23.1 NGINX Open Source is a web server that can be a...
bitnami/nginx-ingress-controller 9.3.6 1.3.1 NGINX Ingress Controller is an Ingress controll...
bitnami/nginx-intel 2.1.1 0.4.7 NGINX Open Source for Intel is a lightweight se...
bitnami/kong 5.0.2 2.7.0 Kong is a scalable, open source API layer (aka ...
支持多种安装方式：(helm默认读取~/.kube/config信息连接k8s集群)
•helm install redis-ha stable/redis-ha
•helm install redis-ha redis-ha-4.4.0.tgz
•helm install redis-ha path/redis-ha
•helm install redis-ha https://example.com/charts/redis-ha-4.4.0.tgz
•helm pull stable/redis-ha //拉取应用到本地
•helm status redis-ha //查看状态
•helm uninstall redis-ha //卸载
5).构建一个 Helm Chart:
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 helm]# helm create mychart 创建mychart
Creating mychart
[root@node22 helm]# ls 出现一个mychart目录
helm-v3.9.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz linux-amd64 metrics-server metrics-server-3.8.2.tgz mychart nfs-client-provisioner nfs-client-provisioner-4.0.11.tgz
[root@node22 helm]# cd mychart/
[root@node22 mychart]# ls 自动生成相应目录
charts Chart.yaml templates values.yaml
[root@node22 mychart]# yum install -y tree 下载tree命令
[root@node22 mychart]# tree . 查看目录结构
.
├── charts
├── Chart.yaml
├── templates
│ ├── deployment.yaml
│ ├── _helpers.tpl
│ ├── hpa.yaml
│ ├── ingress.yaml
│ ├── NOTES.txt
│ ├── serviceaccount.yaml
│ ├── service.yaml
│ └── tests
│ └── test-connection.yaml
└── values.yaml
3 directories, 10 files
编写mychart的应用描述信息：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 mychart]# vim Chart.yaml
编写应用部署信息：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 ~]# cd ingress/
[root@node22 ingress]# ls
auth deployment-2.yaml deployment.yaml deploy.yaml ingress.yaml tls.crt tls.key
[root@node22 ingress]# kubectl delete -f . 删除之前部署的ingress-ngibx
[root@node22 ingress]# cd
[root@node22 ~]# cd helm/
[root@node22 helm]# helm repo add ingress-nginx https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx
"ingress-nginx" has been added to your repositories 创建仓库
[root@node22 helm]# helm pull ingress-nginx/ingress-nginx 拉取镜像
[root@node22 helm]# tar zxf ingress-nginx-4.2.3.tgz
[root@node22 helm]# cd ingress-nginx/
[root@node22 ingress-nginx]# vim values.yaml
[root@node22 ingress-nginx]# kubectl create ns ingress-nginx
5).Helm部署nfs-client-provisioner：
删除之前的布置：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 ~]# cd nfs
[root@node22 nfs]# kubectl delete -f . 不知道应用了哪个yaml文件就全部删掉
[root@node22 ~]# kubectl get pod -A 已经被回收
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx ingress-nginx-controller-5bbfbbb9c7-vxdtr 1/1 Running 0 8d
kube-flannel kube-flannel-ds-2wf6n 1/1 Running 0 155m
kube-flannel kube-flannel-ds-h7fvp 1/1 Running 0 155m
kube-flannel kube-flannel-ds-rvhfp 1/1 Running 0 155m
kube-system coredns-7b56f6bc55-2pwnh 1/1 Running 3 (7d23h ago) 11d
kube-system coredns-7b56f6bc55-g458w 1/1 Running 3 (7d23h ago) 11d
kube-system etcd-node22 1/1 Running 3 (7d23h ago) 11d
kube-system kube-apiserver-node22 1/1 Running 2 (7d23h ago) 10d
kube-system kube-controller-manager-node22 1/1 Running 17 (7d ago) 11d
kube-system kube-proxy-8qc8h 1/1 Running 8 (<invalid> ago) 10d
kube-system kube-proxy-cscgp 1/1 Running 2 (7d23h ago) 10d
kube-system kube-proxy-zh89l 1/1 Running 0 10d
kube-system kube-scheduler-node22 1/1 Running 16 (7d ago) 11d
kubernetes-dashboard dashboard-metrics-scraper-799d786dbf-sdll7 1/1 Running 0 174m
kubernetes-dashboard kubernetes-dashboard-546cbc58cd-sct28 1/1 Running 0 174m
metallb-system controller-5c97f5f498-fvg5p 1/1 Running 1 (<invalid> ago) 8d
metallb-system speaker-2mlfr 1/1 Running 32 (<invalid> ago) 10d
metallb-system speaker-jkh2b 1/1 Running 12 (7d ago) 10d
metallb-system speaker-s66q5 1/1 Running 2 (<invalid> ago) 10d
• 预先配置好外部的NFS服务器
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 ~]# helm repo add kubesphere https://charts.kubesphere.io/main
"kubesphere" has been added to your repositories 创建仓库
[root@node22 ~]# helm repo list查看所有仓库
NAME URL
bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami
kubesphere https://charts.kubesphere.io/main
[root@node22 ~]# helm search repo nfs-client 查询nfs-client-provisioner
NAME CHART VERSION APP VERSION DESCRIPTION
kubesphere/nfs-client-provisioner 4.0.11 4.0.2 nfs-client is an automatic provisioner that use...
[root@node22 helm]# helm pull kubesphere/nfs-client-provisioner 拉取包（默认最新）
[root@node22 helm]# tar zxf nfs-client-provisioner-4.0.11.tgz 解压
[root@node22 helm]# cd nfs-client-provisioner/
[root@node22 nfs-client-provisioner]# vim values.yaml 修改部署文件
[root@node22 nfs-client-provisioner]# helm -n nfs-client-provisioner install nfs-client-provisioner . 安装nfs-client-provisioner，通过当前目录下的yaml文件 NAME: nfs-client-provisioner LAST DEPLOYED: Mon Sep 5 16:23:52 2022 NAMESPACE: nfs-client-provisioner STATUS: deployed REVISION: 1 TEST SUITE: None [root@node22 nfs-client-provisioner]# helm list -A 查看 NAME NAMESPACE REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION nfs-client-provisioner nfs-client-provisioner 1 2022-09-05 16:23:52.924963975 0800 CST deployed nfs-client-provisioner-4.0.11 4.0.2 [root@node22 nfs-client-provisioner]# kubectl get sc NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE nfs-client (default) cluster.local/nfs-client-provisioner1 Delete Immediate false 2m41s [root@node22 ~]# cd nfs/ [root@node22 nfs]# kubectl apply -f pvc.yaml persistentvolumeclaim/test-claim created [root@node11 harbor]# cd /nfsdata 回收时被删掉 [root@node11 nfsdata]# ls default-data-mysql-0-pvc-1b48f075-3d3d-4ee9-a1ca-97b5b2792208 index.html pv1 pv2 pv3
6).Helm部署metrics-server应用：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 metrics]# kubectl delete -f components.yaml
[root@node22 helm]# helm repo add metrics-server https://kubernetes-sigs.github.io/metrics-server/创建仓库
"metrics-server" has been added to your repositories
[root@node22 helm]# helm pull metrics-server/metrics-server 拉取源
[root@node22 helm]# tar zxf metrics-server-3.8.2.tgz
[root@node22 helm]# cd metrics-server/
[root@node22 metrics-server]# vim values.yaml
[root@node22 metrics-server]# helm -n kube-system install metrics-server . 下载成功
NAME: metrics-server
LAST DEPLOYED: Mon Sep 5 16:51:33 2022
NAMESPACE: kube-system
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
***********************************************************************
* Metrics Server *
***********************************************************************
Chart version: 3.8.2
App version: 0.6.1
Image tag: metrics-server/metrics-server:v0.6.1
***********************************************************************
[root@node22 ingress]# cd
[root@node22 ~]# cd helm/
[root@node22 helm]# cd mychart/
[root@node22 mychart]# vim values.yaml
[root@node22 ~]# cd helm/
7).将应用打包
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 helm]# helm package mychart 将应用打包
Successfully packaged chart and saved it to: /root/helm/mychart-0.1.0.tgz
8).建立本地charts仓库
9).添加本地私有仓库
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 helm]# cd /etc/docker/certs.d/reg.westos.org/
[root@node22 reg.westos.org]# cp ca.crt /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors/解决证书问题
[root@node22 ~]# update-ca-trust更新信任证书
[root@node22 ~]# helm repo add local http://reg.westos.org/chartrepo/charts
"local" has been added to your repositories添加本地私有仓库
10).安装helm-push插件
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 ~]# helm env 获取目录
HELM_BIN="helm"
HELM_CACHE_HOME="/root/.cache/helm"
HELM_CONFIG_HOME="/root/.config/helm"
HELM_DATA_HOME="/root/.local/share/helm"
HELM_DEBUG="false"
HELM_KUBEAPISERVER=""
HELM_KUBEASGROUPS=""
HELM_KUBEASUSER=""
HELM_KUBECAFILE=""
HELM_KUBECONTEXT=""
HELM_KUBETOKEN=""
HELM_MAX_HISTORY="10"
HELM_NAMESPACE="default"
HELM_PLUGINS="/root/.local/share/helm/plugins"
HELM_REGISTRY_CONFIG="/root/.config/helm/registry/config.json"
HELM_REPOSITORY_CACHE="/root/.cache/helm/repository"
HELM_REPOSITORY_CONFIG="/root/.config/helm/repositories.yaml"
[root@node22 ~]# mkdir -p /root/.local/share/helm/plugins 创建目录
[root@node22 ~]# cd /root/.local/share/helm/plugins
[root@node22 plugins]# mkdir helm-push
[root@node22 helm]# tar zxf helm-push_0.10.2_linux_amd64.tar.gz -C ~/.local/share/helm/plugins/helm-push
[root@node22 helm-push]# helm plugin list
NAME VERSION DESCRIPTION
cm-push 0.10.1 Push chart package to ChartMuseum
11).上传
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 helm]# helm cm-push mychart-0.1.0.tgz local 上传mychart到私有仓库
存在认证问题
[root@node22 helm]# helm cm-push mychart-0.1.0.tgz local -u admin -p westos
Pushing mychart-0.1.0.tgz to local... 解决问题
Done.
[root@node22 helm]# helm search repo mychart 无法search到 No results found [root@node22 helm]# helm repo update local 更新local仓库 Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories... ...Successfully got an update from the "local" chart repository Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈ [root@node22 helm]# helm search repo mychart NAME CHART VERSION APP VERSION DESCRIPTION local/mychart 0.1.0 v1 A Helm chart for Kubernetes [root@node22 helm]# helm search repo mychart NAME CHART VERSION APP VERSION DESCRIPTION local/mychart 0.1.0 v1 A Helm chart for Kubernetes [root@node22 helm]# helm install myapp local/mychart 下载 NAME: myapp LAST DEPLOYED: Tue Sep 6 04:30:07 2022 NAMESPACE: default STATUS: deployed REVISION: 1 NOTES: 1. Get the application URL by running these commands: http://myapp.westos.org/
12).升级和回滚：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 helm]# cd mychart/
[root@node22 mychart]# vim Chart.yaml
[root@node22 mychart]# vim values.yaml
[root@node22 mychart]# cd .. [root@node22 helm]# helm package mychart Successfully packaged chart and saved it to: /root/helm/mychart-0.2.0.tgz [root@node22 helm]# helm cm-push mychart-0.2.0.tgz local -u admin -p westos Pushing mychart-0.2.0.tgz to local... Done. [root@node22 helm]# helm repo update local 更新 Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories... ...Successfully got an update from the "local" chart repository Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈ [root@node22 helm]# helm search repo mychart 查看 NAME CHART VERSION APP VERSION DESCRIPTION local/mychart 0.2.0 v2 A Helm chart for Kubernetes [root@node22 helm]# helm upgrade myapp local/mychart 升级 Release "myapp" has been upgraded. Happy Helming! NAME: myapp LAST DEPLOYED: Tue Sep 6 04:36:45 2022 NAMESPACE: default STATUS: deployed REVISION: 2 NOTES: 1. Get the application URL by running these commands: http://myapp.westos.org/ 回滚： [root@node22 helm]# helm rollback myapp 1 回滚到1版本 Rollback was a success! Happy Helming! [root@node22 helm]# helm history myapp 查看历史版本 REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION DESCRIPTION 1 Tue Sep 6 04:30:07 2022 superseded mychart-0.1.0 v1 Install complete 2 Tue Sep 6 04:36:45 2022 superseded mychart-0.2.0 v2 Upgrade complete 3 Tue Sep 6 04:39:03 2022 deployed mychart-0.1.0 v1 Rollback to 1 [root@node22 helm]# helm uninstall myapp 删除myapp release "myapp" uninstalled
12).部署kubeapps应用，为Helm提供web UI界面管理：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@node22 helm]# helm pull bitnami/kubeapps --version 8.1.11
[root@node22 helm]# tar zxf kubeapps-8.1.11.tgz
[root@node22 helm]# cd kubeapps/
[root@node22 kubeapps]# vim values.yaml
[root@node22 charts]# ls common postgresql redis [root@node22 charts]# cd postgresql/ [root@node22 postgresql]# vim values.yaml
[root@node22 kubeapps]# kubectl create namespace kubeapps 创建ns namespace/kubeapps created [root@node22 kubeapps]# helm -n kubeapps install kubeapps . 下载 [root@node22 kubeapps]# kubectl get pod -n kubeapps NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE apprepo-kubeapps-sync-bitnami-8bp6s-rgp76 1/1 Running 0 4m46s kubeapps-5c9f6f9f78-qwccl 1/1 Running 0 10m kubeapps-5c9f6f9f78-xpchk 1/1 Running 0 10m kubeapps-internal-apprepository-controller-578d9cbfb4-7fskh 1/1 Running 0 10m kubeapps-internal-dashboard-76d4f8678b-r7st6 1/1 Running 0 10m kubeapps-internal-dashboard-76d4f8678b-ttd5k 1/1 Running 0 10m kubeapps-internal-kubeappsapis-5ff75b9686-2btdw 1/1 Running 0 10m kubeapps-internal-kubeappsapis-5ff75b9686-st8mm 1/1 Running 0 10m kubeapps-internal-kubeops-798b96fc-8w6zx 1/1 Running 0 10m kubeapps-internal-kubeops-798b96fc-tbvsh 1/1 Running 0 10m kubeapps-postgresql-0 1/1 Running 0 10m [root@node22 kubeapps]# kubectl -n kubeapps edit svc kubeapps
service/kubeapps edited [root@node22 kubeapps]# kubectl get svc -n kubeapps NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE kubeapps LoadBalancer 10.99.251.221 192.168.0.112 80:59686/TCP 14m kubeapps-internal-dashboard ClusterIP 10.105.13.222 <none> 8080/TCP 14m kubeapps-internal-kubeappsapis ClusterIP 10.108.2.177 <none> 8080/TCP 14m kubeapps-internal-kubeops ClusterIP 10.103.206.129 <none> 8080/TCP 14m kubeapps-postgresql ClusterIP 10.108.191.73 <none> 5432/TCP 14m kubeapps-postgresql-hl ClusterIP None <none> 5432/TCP 14m 访问kubeapps的dashboard： 使用192.168.0.112访问
[root@node22 kubeapps]# kubectl create serviceaccount kubeapps-operator -n kubeapps serviceaccount/kubeapps-operator created [root@node22 kubeapps]# kubectl create clusterrolebinding kubeapps-operator --clusterrole=cluster-admin -- serviceaccount=kubeapps:kubeapps-operator clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubeapps-operator created [root@node22 kubeapps]# kubectl -n kubeapps get sa NAME SECRETS AGE default 1 23m kubeapps-internal-apprepository-controller 1 22m kubeapps-internal-kubeappsapis 1 22m kubeapps-internal-kubeops 1 22m kubeapps-operator 1 27s [root@node22 kubeapps]# kubectl -n kubeapps get secrets NAME TYPE DATA AGE default-token-8ln77 kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 23m kubeapps-internal-apprepository-controller-token-5mfd8 kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 22m kubeapps-internal-kubeappsapis-token-stbpw kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 22m kubeapps-internal-kubeops-token-hrn6b kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 22m kubeapps-operator-token-qx5jz kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 35s kubeapps-postgresql Opaque 1 22m sh.helm.release.v1.kubeapps.v1 helm.sh/release.v1 1 22m
作者：黑 哲
源链接：
https://blog.csdn.net/z17609273238/article/details/126937936
格式整理：IT运维技术圈
