SQL Server-命令速查-CheatSheet

2022-08-15 16:40:54 浏览数 (1)

  • Insert and get the inserted ID
  • Date Format
  • Convert 1 column to string and cut by comma
  • Output when doing merge
  • Date - Sp Date Snippets
    • last day of current month
    • first day of current month
    • get week of the year
  • Logic Control
  • Nested Example
  • Get Decimal Part
    • Solution 1
    • Solution 2
  • Get all table and all columns in DB
  • Get all table in DB
  • Get columns from table
  • Get tables
  • Quick get select statement
  • Get recordCount for many tables
  • Cursor
    • Small Example
  • Linked Server
  • FETCH 的使用
  • Parent Child hierarchy Example
  • SQL server 添加换行符
    • 对于 Print
    • 对于 select
  • Merge
    • Desc
  • Example
  • SQL: 实现 Monthly SumUp 的统计
  • 然后进行 Sum up
  • Cross Join

Insert and get the inserted ID

代码语言：javascript复制
declare @insertedID as table(
    ID int
)
 
 
insert into table1
output INSERTED.id into @insertedID
select ID
from table2

Date Format

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT FORMAT (getdate(), 'd', 'es-bo') as date
 
SELECT FORMAT (getdate(), 'dd/MM/yyyy ') as date |

然后字符串部分可以写各种格式## String Replace 以下示例使用 xxx 替换 abcdefghi 中的字符串 cde。

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT REPLACE('abcdefghicde','cde','xxx');

Convert 1 column to string and cut by comma

根据某个表 group 并用逗号分割

代码语言：javascript复制
select orgname, Stuff(
    (
 
        -- Main select statement
        SELECT ','   location
        FROM qryorgsite b
  where b.orgname = a.orgname
 
        -- Main select statement
 
        FOR XML PATH('')
    ), 1, 2, '') as siteList 
 from    org a

这一段单纯选出分割好的字符串:

代码语言：javascript复制
select 
    stuff((
 
 
 
    select ',' orgname  '' 
    --select CONCAT(',', requirementID, '') --对于 varchar 可能需要链接字符串
    from org as a 
    ORDER BY [table] 
 
 
        for xml path('')),1,1,'')

Output when doing merge

几个要点:

  • 不能使用 UPDATED 关键字, 修改的数据全部都出现在 INSERTED 里面
  • 只能同时出现一个 OUTPUT
代码语言：javascript复制
  merge into XAccess t  
  using zAssessResult_AllRequiredType f  
    on t.attributeID = f.attributeID 
 
  when matched
    then update set 
      ……     
 
  when not matched  
    then insert values(
      ……
 
  )
  output
 
    'AttributeDeterm' RefType
  , INSERTED.ID RefID
  , CASE WHEN ($action = 'INSERT') THEN 'Created' ELSE 'Updated' END as ActionType
  , '' ActionDesc
  , 'System Assess' ActionBy
  , INSERTED.assessDate ActionDate
 
  INTO dbo.ActionLog;

Date - Sp Date Snippets

last day of current month

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT DATEADD(d, -1, DATEADD(m, DATEDIFF(m, 0, @date)   1, 0))

first day of current month

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT DATEADD(month, DATEDIFF(month, 0, @mydate), 0) AS StartOfMonth

get week of the year

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT DATEPART( wk, @Date)

Logic Control

代码语言：javascript复制
       CASE WHEN weight > 250 THEN 'over 250'
            WHEN weight > 200 THEN '201-250'
            WHEN weight > 175 THEN '176-200'
            ELSE '175 or under' END AS weight_group

Nested Example

put it after then

代码语言：javascript复制
select case
         when (1 = 1) then
              case when(2=3) then 'A'
                  else 'K'
                  end
         else
          'b'
       end
  from dual;

Get Decimal Part

Solution 1

代码语言：javascript复制
select x, ABS(x) - FLOOR(ABS(x))

Solution 2

More generalized approach may be to merge PARSENAME and % operator. (as answered in two of the answers above)

Results as per 1st approach above by SQLMenace

代码语言：javascript复制
select PARSENAME(0.001,1)

Result: 001

代码语言：javascript复制
select PARSENAME(0.0010,1)

Result: 0010

代码语言：javascript复制
select PARSENAME(-0.001,1)

Result: 001

代码语言：javascript复制
select PARSENAME(-1,1)

Result: -1 --> Should not return integer part

代码语言：javascript复制
select PARSENAME(0,1)

Result: 0

代码语言：javascript复制
select PARSENAME(1,1)

Result: 1 --> Should not return integer part

代码语言：javascript复制
select PARSENAME(100.00,1)

Result: 00

Results as per 1st approach above by Pavel Morshenyuk "0." is part of result in this case.

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT (100.0001 % 1)

Result: 0.0001

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT (100.0010 % 1)

Result: 0.0010

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT (0.0001 % 1)

Result: 0.0001

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT (0001 % 1)

Result: 0

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT (1 % 1)

Result: 0

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT (100 % 1)

Result: 0

Combining both:

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT PARSENAME((100.0001 % 1),1)

Result: 0001

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT PARSENAME((100.0010 % 1),1)

Result: 0010

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT PARSENAME((0.0001 % 1),1)

Result: 0001

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT PARSENAME((0001 % 1),1)

Result: 0

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT PARSENAME((1 % 1),1)

Result: 0

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT PARSENAME((100 % 1),1)

Result: 0

Get all table and all columns in DB

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT      TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
FROM      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS

Get all table in DB

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT      distinct TABLE_NAME
FROM      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS

Get columns from table

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT    COLUMN_NAME
FROM      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
 
WHERE    TABLE_NAME = 'TableNameHere'

Get tables

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT TABLE_NAME
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
where TABLE_NAME like '%chem%'

Quick get select statement

代码语言：javascript复制
use COEHS_CENTRAL_TEST
 
declare @tablename varchar(100);
set @tablename = 'surveyQuestion';
 
SELECT 'SELECT TOP 50 '   Stuff((
			SELECT ','   column_name   ''
              FROM   INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS 
              WHERE  table_name = @tablename 
              ORDER  BY column_name 
			  FOR XML PATH('')
			  ),1,2,'')

Get recordCount for many tables

代码语言：javascript复制
DECLARE @items NVARCHAR(200); -- 一定要设置成 nvarchar 才能拼接表名, varchar 的话无效
DECLARE @MyCursor CURSOR;
BEGIN
    SET @MyCursor = CURSOR FOR
 /* 实际操作的 SQL, 获取表名数据 */
    SELECT
    TABLE_NAME
 FROM
    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
 where TABLE_NAME like 'survey%'
 order by TABLE_NAME
 
 
    OPEN @MyCursor 
    FETCH NEXT FROM @MyCursor INTO @items
 
    WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
    BEGIN
   PRINT @items;
   EXEC('select count(*) as '   @items  ' from '   @items);
      FETCH NEXT FROM @MyCursor INTO @items 
    END; 
 
    CLOSE @MyCursor ;
    DEALLOCATE @MyCursor;
END;

Cursor

Small Example

代码语言：javascript复制
DECLARE @items VARCHAR;
DECLARE @MyCursor CURSOR;
BEGIN
    SET @MyCursor = CURSOR FOR
 /* 实际操作的 SQL */
    select items from fn_CreateTableFromList('1,2,3',',') t
 
 
    OPEN @MyCursor 
    FETCH NEXT FROM @MyCursor INTO @items // 这里因为只取出了一列, 如果取出了多列那么 @item 要 declare 成一个 table
 
    WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
    BEGIN
      /*
       PRINT @items
      */
      FETCH NEXT FROM @MyCursor INTO @items 
    END; 
 
    CLOSE @MyCursor ;
    DEALLOCATE @MyCursor;
END;

Linked Server

tags: 跨服务器查询, cross-server, 跨 server

一行代码解决所有问题:

代码语言：javascript复制
use GEEHS
SELECT * FROM SYS.SERVERS

跨服务器查询的格式:

代码语言：javascript复制
Select * From ServerName.DbName.SchemaName.TableName

一个例子:

代码语言：javascript复制
select * from Link_GenProdAG.COEHS_WHIRLPOOL.dbo.pcc_attribute

注意 schemaName 部分的 dbo 不能省略否则报以下错误:

代码语言：javascript复制
An invalid schema or catalog was specified for the provider "SQLNCLI11" for linked server "DevAGListener".
代码语言：javascript复制
select * 
from DevAGListener.GEEHS_TEST.dbo.qryorgsite

FETCH 的使用

简单易懂 一定要先写上 ORDER BY 另外 OFFSET 以及 FETCH 仅仅接受数字, 字符串不通用

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT First Name   ' '   Last Name 
FROM Employees 
ORDER BY First Name 
OFFSET 10 ROWS;
代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT First Name   ' '   Last Name 
FROM Employees 
ORDER BY First Name 
OFFSET 10 ROWS 
FETCH NEXT 5 ROWS ONLY;

Parent Child hierarchy Example

Hints: this script is Breadth-First-Search

代码语言：javascript复制
declare @pc table(CHILD_ID int, PARENT_ID int, [NAME] varchar(80));
 
insert into @pc
select 1,NULL,'Bill' union all
select 2,1,'Jane' union all
select 3,1,'Steve' union all
select 4,3,'Ben' union all
select 5,1,'Andrew' union all
select 6,1,'Tom' union all
select 7,6,'Dick' union all
select 8,6,'Harry' union all
select 9,8,'Stu'
 
 
; with r as (
      select CHILD_ID, PARENT_ID, [NAME], depth=0, sort=cast(CHILD_ID as varchar(max))
      from @pc
      where PARENT_ID is null
      union all
      select pc.CHILD_ID, pc.PARENT_ID, pc.[NAME], depth=r.depth 1, sort=r.sort cast(pc.CHILD_ID as varchar(30))
      from r
      inner join @pc pc on r.CHILD_ID=pc.PARENT_ID
 
      -- we could only get 32767 level recursive at most limited by MSSQL 
      -- who could have 30K  level in their database _(:з」∠)_?
      -- so we could set it as 100 or no limit here
 
      -- where r.depth<32767 
      where r.depth<100 
)
select tree=replicate('-',r.depth*3) r.[NAME]
from r
order by sort
 
-- same configuration here, 100 is enough 
option(maxrecursion 100);
-- option(maxrecursion 32767);

SQL server 添加换行符

Tags: 换行符, SQL Server, new line, line break

制表符：CHAR(9) 换行符：CHAR(10) 回车符：CHAR(13)回车符：CHAR(13)

对于 Print

代码语言：javascript复制
print 'a' CHAR(10) 'b'

结果为

代码语言：javascript复制
a
b

对于 select

代码语言：javascript复制
select 'a' CHAR(13) CHAR(10) 'b'

必须是 CHAR(13) CHAR(10),不是 CHAR(10) CHAR(13),因为文本中的是{CF}{CL},回车,换行

则输出文本为

代码语言：javascript复制
a
b

Merge

tags: merge, sql server, sql 2012

Desc

类似如下的需求:

对数据表 Table 插入对应的数据 Data 如果Table 中存在,而 Data 中也存在的数据则将其激活(set archived = 0) 如果Table 中不存在,而 Data 中存在的数据则插入 Table

需求可以进行扩展:

如果Table 中存在,而在 Data 中不存在的数据则从 Table 中删除(set archived = 1)

Merge

如果用旧版本的 SQL 可能需要各种Join,Exists,Insert,Update,Delete

但是实际上用一条含有Merge的关键字就可以实现这样的需求

用法可以参考 MS 的 API

Example

代码语言：javascript复制
    /* merge data from this small table*/
    declare @MergeFrom as table(
        a integer
    )
 
    /* data saved in database*/
    declare @db as table(
        a integer,
        archived integer
    )
 
    insert into @MergeFrom values (2)
    insert into @MergeFrom values (3)
    insert into @MergeFrom values (4) /*will be inserted */
 
    insert into @db values(1,0) /*will be archived */
    insert into @db values(2,0)
    insert into @db values(3,1) /*will be updated*/
 
 
    /* Before merge */
    select * 
     from @db
 
    merge into @db as t
    using @MergeFrom as f
        on t.a = f.a
    when matched
        /* matched: these record are in use, set not archived */
        then update set t.archived = 0 
    when not matched 
        /* record not matched in @MergeFrom: insert into @MergeFrom */
        then insert values(f.a, 0) 
 
        /* 另一种对特定 column 的 insert
            INSERT (id, f5, f6) VALUES(t2.id, t2.f2, t2.f3);
        */
 
    /*when not matched by source
        /* Dangerous!!!! ALL record in @db not matched in @MergeFrom:*/
        then delete*/; 
    /*WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE AND t.attributeID = 399 // only hardcoded value here
        THEN UPDATE
        SET isActive = 0;*/
 
    /* after Merge */
    select * 
     from   @db
  • 这里对于 when 之后的条件可以进行扩展, 比如添加AND 或者其他条件等等
  • Then 后面可以接一个完整的 SQL 语句
  • Merge 后面也可以添加各种 select 的修饰符, 比如top等等
  • 注意最后一个条件 when not matched by source
  • 这个条件如果没有加限制条件就会修改 @db 中其他所有数据
  • 添加的限制条件不能使用 f 里面的行和列, 只能使用静态条件

SQL: 实现 Monthly SumUp 的统计

首先得到每月的记录

代码语言：javascript复制
WITH TABLE monthlydata AS 
( 
         SELECT   sum(xxx) AS totalcases, 
                  id, 
                  month(date) AS [month] 
         FROM     yourtable 
         GROUP BY id, 
                  month(date) 
)

然后进行 Sum up

对上方表进行操作：

  • 若部分 month 的没有产值而显示为 0 的话
  • 不需要额外操作
  • 若部分 month 的没有产值而显示为 NULL 的话
  • 进行一下判断将其变为 0
  • 若部分 month 的没有产值导致上方表结果中只有一年中部分月份的数据
  • 额外 JOIN 一张表变量，这张表有 12 行数据分别是 1-12
代码语言：javascript复制
declare @monthIndex as table 
(
    [month] INT
)
 
DECLARE @hid INT;
SET @hid=1;
WHILE @hid <= 12
BEGIN 
    INSERT INTO @monthIndex VALUES(@hid)
    SET @hid = @hid   1;
END

然后进行判断

代码语言：javascript复制
select 
    i.siteid,
    mindex.month,
    sum(totalcases ) as SumUpRecCases
 
from MonthlyData, @monthIndex mindex
where i.month <= mindex.month
group by i.siteid, mindex.month

最终会显示多行

Cross Join

Below 2 queries are same Make sure the column to join

代码语言：javascript复制
USE AdventureWorks2008R2;
GO
SELECT p.BusinessEntityID, t.Name AS Territory
FROM Sales.SalesPerson p
 
     CROSS JOIN Sales.SalesTerritory t
 
WHERE p.TerritoryID = t.TerritoryID
ORDER BY p.BusinessEntityID;
 
-- Or
 
USE AdventureWorks2008R2;
GO
SELECT p.BusinessEntityID, t.Name AS Territory
FROM Sales.SalesPerson p
 
   INNER JOIN Sales.SalesTerritory t
   ON p.TerritoryID = t.TerritoryID
 
ORDER BY p.BusinessEntityID;

FOR XML (SQL Server)

将 select 出来的数据转换成 nested html

Example

代码语言：javascript复制
USE AdventureWorks2012
GO
SELECT Cust.CustomerID, 
       OrderHeader.CustomerID,
       OrderHeader.SalesOrderID, 
       OrderHeader.Status
FROM Sales.Customer Cust 
INNER JOIN Sales.SalesOrderHeader OrderHeader
ON Cust.CustomerID = OrderHeader.CustomerID
FOR XML AUTO

执行以下查询：

代码语言：javascript复制
sql
SELECT Cust.CustomerID, 
       OrderHeader.CustomerID,
       OrderHeader.SalesOrderID, 
       OrderHeader.Status,
       Cust.CustomerType
FROM Sales.Customer Cust, Sales.SalesOrderHeader OrderHeader
WHERE Cust.CustomerID = OrderHeader.CustomerID
ORDER BY Cust.CustomerID
FOR XML AUTO

下面是部分结果：

代码语言：javascript复制
<Cust CustomerID="1" CustomerType="S">
  <OrderHeader CustomerID="1" SalesOrderID="43860" Status="5" />
  <OrderHeader CustomerID="1" SalesOrderID="44501" Status="5" />
  <OrderHeader CustomerID="1" SalesOrderID="45283" Status="5" />
  <OrderHeader CustomerID="1" SalesOrderID="46042" Status="5" />
</Cust>
……

Syntax

在最后加上

代码语言：javascript复制
FOR XML (RAW,auto,EXPLICIT,PATH)

即可，对应的子句表示了对应的模式

关于不同的后缀

Personal Example

关于 FOR XML 与 Group By With Cube 的混用

代码语言：javascript复制
with zInjuryCases as (
            --All data for injury cases
            SELECT    h.case_date, h.case_id, h.case_type, h.CASE_LEVEL, h.r_period, h.r_year,
                         s.orgname, isnull(s.suborg,'') suborg, s.location, s.siteregion, s.sitecountry
 
            FROM    SiteHandSCase h WITH (NOLOCK) 
                INNER JOIN qryOrgSite s WITH (NOLOCK) ON h.Org = s.Org AND h.Location = s.Location
            WHERE        R_Year = 2015
                    AND        h.case_level IN ('Level A','Level B')
                    AND exists (
                                select case_date 
                                from qrySiteSiteDetail sd with (nolock) 
                                where h.org=sd.org and h.location=sd.location
                                AND sd.iistart_date is not null 
                                and sd.siteiandi > 0 
                                and h.case_date >= sd.iistart_date
 
                                and sd.powersuite_on <> 0 
                                and sd.reporting = 1 ) 
                    and s.archive=0 
                    and s.orgarchive=0
                    and s.org != 0 
                    and s.location not like 'Demonstration%'
), zInjuryCases_Detail as (
 
 
    SELECT orgname, suborg, location, siteregion, sitecountry,
     sum(case when case_level = 'Level A' then 1 else null end) ACount,
     sum(case when case_level = 'Level B' then 1 else null end) BCount,
        (
            select case_id, case_date
            from zInjuryCases d
            where case_level = 'Level A'
                and (d.orgname = z.orgname or z.orgname is null)
                and (d.suborg = z.suborg or z.suborg is null)
                and (d.location = z.location or z.location is null)
                and (d.siteregion = z.siteregion or z.siteregion is null)
                and (d.sitecountry = z.sitecountry or z.sitecountry is null)
                FOR XML PATH ('')
        )AS Level_A_Detail,
        (
            select case_id, case_date
            from zInjuryCases d
            where case_level = 'Level B'
                and (d.orgname = z.orgname or z.orgname is null)
                and (d.suborg = z.suborg or z.suborg is null)
                and (d.location = z.location or z.location is null)
                and (d.siteregion = z.siteregion or z.siteregion is null)
                and (d.sitecountry = z.sitecountry or z.sitecountry is null)
            FOR XML PATH ('')
        ) AS Level_B_Detail
    from zInjuryCases z
    GROUP BY orgname, suborg, location, siteregion, sitecountry WITH CUBE
)
 
select * from zInjuryCases_Detail

几个要点：1. 先搜索出所有的数据 2. 然后从数据中带条件搜索出然后 FOR XML 3. 再然后 Group by

简化版：

代码语言：javascript复制
    SELECT orgname, suborg, location, siteregion, sitecountry,
        (
            select case_id, case_date
            from [主要的数据源] d
                FOR XML PATH ('')
        )AS Level_A_Detail
    from zInjuryCases 
    GROUP BY orgname, suborg, location, siteregion, sitecountry WITH CUBE

显示小数的除法

Example

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT CAST(1 AS float) / CAST(3 AS float)

or

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT CAST(MyIntField1 AS float) / CAST(MyIntField2 AS float)

Substitute

Because SQL Server performs integer division. Try this:

代码语言：javascript复制
select 1 * 1.0 / 3

This is helpful when you pass integers as params.

代码语言：javascript复制
select x * 1.0 / y

DATEADD

将指定 number 时间间隔（有符号整数）与指定 date 的指定 datepart 相加后，返回该 date。datepart 是 date 的一部分，比如日期部分或者时间部分）

代码语言：javascript复制
DATEADD (datepart , number , date )

number

一个表达式，它可以解析为与 date 的 datepart 相加的 int。 用户定义的变量是有效的。 如果您指定一个带小数的值，则将小数截去且不进行舍入。

date

是一个可以解析为 time、date、smalldatetime、datetime、datetime2 或 datetimeoffset 值的表达式。date 可以是表达式、列表达式、用户定义的变量或字符串文字。 如果表达式是字符串文字，则它必须解析为一个 datetime 值。 为避免不确定性，请使用四位数年份。 有关两位数年份的信息，请参阅 配置两位数年份截止服务器配置选项。

Simplest Way To Use Pivot In SQL Query

Example

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT * 
FROM (
    SELECT 
    year(invoiceDate) as [year], 
    left(datename(month,invoicedate), 3)as [month], _
    InvoiceAmount as Amount 
FROM Invoice
) as InvoiceResult

可以将竖着放的表处理成横着的一行一行

代码语言：javascript复制
SELECT *
FROM (
    SELECT 
        year(invoiceDate) as [year],left(datename(month,invoicedate),3)as [month], 
        InvoiceAmount as Amount 
    FROM Invoice
) as s
PIVOT
(
    SUM(Amount) --可能对于原来的每个月会有多个数据，因此可以使用聚合函数
    FOR [month] IN (jan, feb, mar, apr, 
    may, jun, jul, aug, sep, oct, nov, dec)--只需要写字段的名称即可，不需要加单引号
)AS pvt

字符串中使用单引号

代码语言：javascript复制
exec('delete from ' @TableName  ' where ImportTime = ''' @Imp_Date '''') end

在字符串中两个单引号等于一个单引号 但是要注意字符串本身就需要一对单引号括起来

截取字符串

这里截取一个特殊字符(char(166)就是那个竖线)两侧的字符串

代码语言：javascript复制
DECLARE @a as varchar(20)
set @a = '123456¦89';
select @a
select  charindex(char(166), @a)
 
select substring(@a, 0, charindex(char(166), @a)) // 截取左边
select substring(@a, charindex(char(166), @a) 1, len(@a)) // 截取右边
http 编程算法 python sql sqlserver

0 人点赞