一、环境准备
源端和目标端的数据库版本需要保持一致，补丁版本可以不一致，目标端磁盘空间不能小于源端空间，目标端只需要安装 Oracle 软件即可！
二、恢复前准备
1. 准备工作
代码语言：javascript复制1、通过数据库主机连接
su - oracle
sqlplus / as sysdba
select sysdate from dual;
##创建数据库用户
create user test identified by test;
grant dba to test;
conn test/test
##创建表
create table test (id number primary key not null,name varchar2(100));
insert into test values (1,'hm');
insert into test values (2,'xk');
insert into test values (3,'whm');
commit;
create table t1 (id int not null);
begin
for i in 1..10000 loop
insert into t1 values(dbms_random.value()*10000);
--如果列是主键
--insert into t1 values(i);
end loop;
end;
/打开数据库归档模式需要重启数据库，完整步骤如下：
代码语言：javascript复制[root@orcl ~]# mkdir /archivelog
[root@orcl ~]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /archivelog
chmod -R 775 /archivelog
-- 设置归档日志路径
alter system set log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=/archivelog';
-- 关闭数据库，重启至mount模式
shutdown immediate
startup mount
-- 开启归档模式
alter database archivelog;
-- 打开数据库
alter database open;
-- 检查归档模式是否打开
archive log list
备份数据库
mkdir -p /home/oracle/scripts
cd /home/oracle/scripts
chmod x dbbackup_lv0.sh
chmod x dbbackup_lv1.sh
ls -lrth2、源端创建 pfile 参数文件
开始恢复前需要先在源端创建参数文件，并按照目标端环境进行修改：
代码语言：javascript复制create pfile='/home/oracle/pfile.ora' from spfile;
!strings pfile.ora
SQL> create pfile='/home/oracle/pfile.ora' from spfile;
File created.
SQL> !strings pfile.ora
orcl.__db_cache_size=889192448
orcl.__java_pool_size=16777216
orcl.__large_pool_size=33554432
orcl.__oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle'#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
orcl.__pga_aggregate_target=419430400
orcl.__sga_target=1241513984
orcl.__shared_io_pool_size=0
orcl.__shared_pool_size=285212672
orcl.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
*.control_files='/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=''
*.db_name='orcl'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=13576962048
*.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)'
*.open_cursors=300
*.pga_aggregate_target=411041792
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.sga_target=1235222528
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
3、目标端创建 pfile 参数文件
在目标端修改并创建 pfile 参数文件：
代码语言：javascript复制## oracle 用户下执行
cat<<EOF>/home/oracle/pfile.ora
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
*.control_files='/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=''
*.db_name='orcl'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=13576962048
*.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)'
*.log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=/archivelog'
*.open_cursors=300
*.pga_aggregate_target=411041792
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.sga_target=1235222528
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
EOF目标端创建参数文件中的文件夹（建议源端和目标端文件夹路径一致）：
代码语言：javascript复制## root 用户下执行
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/adump
mkdir -p /oradata/orcl/
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/
mkdir /archivelog
mkdir /backup
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl
chown -R oracle:oinstall /oradata/
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/
chown -R oracle:oinstall /archivelog
chown -R oracle:oinstall /backup
此处忘记设置打开数据库时报错
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area
chmod -R 755 /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/
chmod -R 755 /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area
以上目录需根据 pfile 参数文件中的实际情况进行创建
4、源端拷贝密码文件
将源端的密码文件拷贝至目标端：
代码语言：javascript复制## oracle 用户下执行
cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
scp orapworcl oracle@192.168.30.81:$ORACLE_HOME/dbs
## 如果是恢复到 RAC，还需要拷贝 init[SID].ora 文件
## scp init[SID].ora oracle@192.168.30.81:$ORACLE_HOME/dbs5、目标端开启到 nomount 模式
目标端使用新建的 pfile 参数文件开启到 nomount 模式：
代码语言：javascript复制-- 使用 pfile 文件创建 spfile 参数文件
create spfile from pfile='/home/oracle/pfile.ora';
-- 如果是 RAC 恢复到 RAC，需要将 spfile 文件创建到 ASM 磁盘组下，确保和 init[SID].ora 中的目录保持一致
-- !cat $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/init[SID].ora
-- create spfile='init[SID]文件中的路径' from pfile='/home/oracle/pfile.ora';
startup nomount
[oracle@standby:/home/oracle]$ sas
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Aug 19 17:40:16 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> create spfile from pfile='/home/oracle/pfile.ora';
File created.
SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1235959808 bytes
Fixed Size 2252784 bytes
Variable Size 402653200 bytes
Database Buffers 822083584 bytes
Redo Buffers 8970240 bytes
SQL>
6、源端拷贝备份文件
如果是使用本地或者 NFS 备份，则需要拷贝最新的备份文件至目标端同路径的目录下：
代码语言：javascript复制## oracle 用户下执行
cd /backup
scp * oracle@192.168.30.81:/backup拷贝完成后，检查备份文件目录的权限是否正确。
代码语言：javascript复制[oracle@orcl:/backup]$ ll
total 1081836
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 3072 Aug 20 14:47 arch_ORCL_20220820_1113230861_6_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 2440704 Aug 20 15:13 arch_ORCL_20220820_1113232404_11_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 3584 Aug 20 15:13 arch_ORCL_20220820_1113232404_12_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 679845888 Aug 20 14:47 backlv0_ORCL_20220820_1113230838_1_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 400220160 Aug 20 14:47 backlv0_ORCL_20220820_1113230838_2_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 9797632 Aug 20 14:47 backlv0_ORCL_20220820_1113230859_3_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 98304 Aug 20 14:47 backlv0_ORCL_20220820_1113230859_4_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 417792 Aug 20 15:13 backlv1_ORCL_20220820_1113232393_7_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 5062656 Aug 20 15:13 backlv1_ORCL_20220820_1113232393_8_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 9797632 Aug 20 15:13 backlv1_ORCL_20220820_1113232396_9_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 98304 Aug 20 15:13 backlv1_ORCL_20220820_1113232397_10_1
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 3754 Aug 20 14:47 level0_backup_20220820144716.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 5009 Aug 20 15:13 level1_backup_20220820151311.log
7、记录控制文件
在源端查询并记录最新的控制文件名称（不是最新也行）
代码语言：javascript复制## 可以直接在 rman 中查看
list backup of controlfile;
## 本地备份的控制文件：/backup/backlv1_ORCL_20220820_1113232396_9_1
RMAN> list backup of controlfile;
List of Backup Sets
===================
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
4 Incr 0 9.33M DISK 00:00:01 20-AUG-22
BP Key: 4 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20220820T144718
Piece Name: /backup/backlv0_ORCL_20220820_1113230859_3_1
Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1012500 Ckp time: 20-AUG-22
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
10 Incr 1 9.33M DISK 00:00:06 20-AUG-22
BP Key: 10 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20220820T151312
Piece Name: /backup/backlv1_ORCL_20220820_1113232396_9_1
Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1013371 Ckp time: 20-AUG-22
8、目标端恢复控制文件
8.1、本地备份方式
使用本地备份中最新的控制文件进行恢复：
代码语言：javascript复制## oracle 用户下执行
rman target /
## 恢复控制文件
restore controlfile from '/backup/backlv0_ORCL_20220821_1113333411_9_1';
## 开启数据库到 mount 模式
alter database mount;
[oracle@standby:/home/oracle]$ rman target /
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri Aug 19 17:59:52 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: ORCL (not mounted)
RMAN> restore controlfile from '/backup/backlv1_ORCL_20220820_1113232396_9_1';
Starting restore at 19-AUG-22
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=129 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring control file
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
output file name=/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl
Finished restore at 19-AUG-22
RMAN> alter database mount;
database mounted
released channel: ORA_DISK_1
RMAN>
9、注册备份集
一般源端和目标端的备份目录一致的话，是不需要手动注册备份集的，但是以防万一，这里还是建议最好手动注册一下备份集（以防选取的控制文件不是最新）：
代码语言：javascript复制rman target /
## rman 下执行，catalog 注册备份集，防止上方恢复的控制文件不是最新的控制文件
catalog start with '/backup/';
## 如果需要注册，则会提示输入 YES，否则不会输出
RMAN> catalog start with '/backup/';
Starting implicit crosscheck backup at 19-AUG-22
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=129 device type=DISK
Crosschecked 7 objects
Finished implicit crosscheck backup at 19-AUG-22
Starting implicit crosscheck copy at 19-AUG-22
using channel ORA_DISK_1
Finished implicit crosscheck copy at 19-AUG-22
searching for all files in the recovery area
cataloging files...
no files cataloged
searching for all files that match the pattern /backup/
List of Files Unknown to the Database
=====================================
File Name: /backup/arch_ORCL_20220820_1113232404_11_1
File Name: /backup/arch_ORCL_20220820_1113232404_12_1
File Name: /backup/backlv1_ORCL_20220820_1113232396_9_1
File Name: /backup/backlv1_ORCL_20220820_1113232397_10_1
File Name: /backup/level0_backup_20220820144716.log
File Name: /backup/level1_backup_20220820151311.log
Do you really want to catalog the above files (enter YES or NO)? yes
cataloging files...
cataloging done
List of Cataloged Files
=======================
File Name: /backup/arch_ORCL_20220820_1113232404_11_1
File Name: /backup/arch_ORCL_20220820_1113232404_12_1
File Name: /backup/backlv1_ORCL_20220820_1113232396_9_1
File Name: /backup/backlv1_ORCL_20220820_1113232397_10_1
List of Files Which Where Not Cataloged
=======================================
File Name: /backup/level0_backup_20220820144716.log
RMAN-07517: Reason: The file header is corrupted
File Name: /backup/level1_backup_20220820151311.log
RMAN-07517: Reason: The file header is corrupted
RMAN>
至此，RMAN 恢复前准备已经完成，接下来需要通过备份来恢复数据。
三、恢复数据库
恢复数据库可以分为两种情况：
- 源端和目标端的数据文件路径一致
- 源端和目标端的数据文件路径不一致
