MySQL 版本:5.7
安装环境:MAC OS
一、测试数据
测试数据库:test;测试表:tt
代码语言:javascript复制CREATE TABLE `tt` (
`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`name` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
KEY `name_idx` (`name`),
KEY `id_idx` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
插入测试数据:
代码语言:javascript复制insert into tt value(1, "a”);
insert into tt value(1, "b”);
insert into tt value(2, “b");
二、数据库服务设置
1、事务隔离级别设置
代码语言:javascript复制mysql> set global transaction_isolation = 'repeatable-read';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select @@transaction_isolation;
-------------------------
| @@transaction_isolation |
-------------------------
| READ-UNCOMMITTED |
-------------------------
2、锁等待时间设置
代码语言:javascript复制mysql> set global innodb_lock_wait_timeout=5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select @@innodb_lock_wait_timeout;
----------------------------
| @@innodb_lock_wait_timeout |
----------------------------
| 5 |
----------------------------
3、附注
更改设置后,后续开启的连接 Session 才会生效。
三、读未提交(READ-UNCOMMITTED)
开启两个连接 Session:
Session 1 | Session 2 |
---|---|
开启事务,更新 id 为 2 的记录 name 为 “ss" ,保持事务未提交: Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt; ------ ------ | id | name | ------ ------ | 1 | a | | 1 | b | | 2 | b | ------ ------ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> update tt set name = 'ss' where id = 2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 | |
开启事务,查询 id 为 2 的记录 name 值: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where id = 2; ------ ------ | id | name | ------ ------ | 2 | ss | ------ ——— 事务 2 可以查询到事务 1 未提交的数据变更。对于事务 2 来说,这条数据是脏数据。 |
四、读已提交(READ-COMMITTED)
解决 READ-UNCOMMITTED 隔离级别下产生的脏读现象。
设置事务隔离级别:
代码语言:javascript复制mysql> set global transaction_isolation = 'read-committed';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
重新开启测试 Session,查询事务隔离级别:
代码语言:javascript复制mysql> select @@transaction_isolation;
-------------------------
| @@transaction_isolation |
-------------------------
| READ-COMMITTED |
-------------------------
Session 1 | Session 2 |
---|---|
开启事务,更新 id 为 2 的记录 name 为 “ssr”: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> update tt set name = 'ssr' where id = 2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from tt where id = 2; ------ ------ | id | name | ------ ------ | 2 | ssr | ------ ------ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) | |
查询数据,无法查询到 事务 1 未提交的数据: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where id = 2; ------ ------ | id | name | ------ ------ | 2 | b | ------ ------ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) | |
提交事务: mysql> commit ; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) | |
查询数据,得到的是事务 1 中已提交的数据变更: mysql> select * from tt where id = 2; ------ ------ | id | name | ------ ------ | 2 | ssr | ------ ------ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 对于事务 2 来说,在事务 1 提交前后,获取到的数据是不一样的,即不可重复读问题。 |
五、可重复读(REPEATABLE-READ)
解决 READ-COMMITTED 隔离级别下产生的不可重复读现象。
Session 1中 设置事务隔离级别:
代码语言:javascript复制mysql> set global transaction_isolation = 'repeatable-read';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
重新开启事务,查询隔离级别:
代码语言:javascript复制mysql> select @@transaction_isolation;
-------------------------
| @@transaction_isolation |
-------------------------
| REPEATABLE-READ |
-------------------------
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Session 1 | Session 2 |
---|---|
Session 2 开启事务,查询数据: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) Database changed mysql> select * from tt where id = 2; ------ ------ | id | name | ------ ------ | 2 | b | ------ ------ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) | |
更新 id 为 2 的记录 name 为 “ssrr”, 并提交事务: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> update tt set name = 'ssrr' where id = 2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from tt where id = 2; ------ ------ | id | name | ------ ------ | 2 | ssrr | ------ ------ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) | |
Session 2 重新查询数据: mysql> select * from tt where id = 2; ------ ------ | id | name | ------ ------ | 2 | b | ------ ------ 当前数据未变。 但是问题是,事务 1 已经进行了数据变更,并且提交,事务 2 无法获取所查记录最新变更信息。 |
为什么事务 2 前后两次相同查询所得的数据是一样的?
一致性读(consistent read)查询模式:基于【某一时刻】的【数据快照】提供读查询结果。无论查询的数据是否被其它事务所改变。这个【某一时刻】在 repeatable-read 隔离级别下为事务中第一次执行查询操作的时间点,read-committed 隔离级别下,数据快照会在每一次执行一致性读操作时进行重置。
幻读
如何避免:加X锁
Next-key lock:Record lock Gap lock
六、关于 Next-key lock 加锁
调整表 tt 索引及数据:
代码语言:javascript复制mysql> show create table tt;
------- -------------------------------------------------------
| Table | Create Table |
------- -------------------------------------------------------
| tt | CREATE TABLE `tt` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
`age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `idx_age` (`age`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
------- -------------------------------------------------------
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from tt;
----- ------ ------
| id | name | age |
----- ------ ------
| 90 | aa | 10 |
| 102 | bb | 15 |
| 108 | cc | 20 |
| 130 | dd | 25 |
| 150 | ee | 30 |
----- ------ ------
1、等值条件
对于使用唯一性索引:加的锁为 Record lock
Session 1 | Session 2 |
---|---|
开启事务,查询 id 为 108 记录加 X lock: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where id = 108 for update; ----- ------ ------ | id | name | age | ----- ------ ------ | 108 | cc | 20 | ----- ------ ------ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) | |
开启事务,记录前后紧邻 gap 插入记录: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(106, 'bc', 16); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(110, 'cd', 22); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) 记录均可成功插入 |
对于使用非唯一性索引:加的锁为 Record lock Gap lock 前后紧邻 gap
:首先加锁 (15, 20],因为是非唯一索引,继续向后查找到第一个不满足条件的元素 25 加 gap lock (20, 25)
Session 1 | Session 2 |
---|---|
开启事务,查询 age 为 20 记录加 X lock: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where age = 20 for update; ----- ------ ------ | id | name | age | ----- ------ ------ | 108 | cc | 20 | ----- ------ ------ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) | |
开启事务,记录紧邻前后 gap 插入记录: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(106, 'bc', 18); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> insert into tt value(110, 'cd', 22); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 操作均被 block。 紧邻 gap 以外插入记录: mysql> insert into tt value(100, 'ab', 12); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 27); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) 记录均可成功插入 |
对于不使用索引的:加锁为全部记录及gap
Session1 | Session2 |
---|---|
开启事务,查询 name 为 ‘cc’ 记录加 X lock: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where name = 'cc' for update; ----- ------ ------ | id | name | age | ----- ------ ------ | 108 | cc | 20 | ----- ------ ------ | |
开启事务,各个间隙尝试插入记录: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(80, 'pa', 5); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> insert into tt value(95, 'ab', 13); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> insert into tt value(105, 'bc', 18); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> insert into tt value(120, 'cd', 23); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> insert into tt value(160, 'en', 35); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 操作均被 block。 更新记录: mysql> update tt set age = 21 where name = 'cc'; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> update tt set age = 16 where name = 'bb'; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 操作均被 block。 |
2、范围条件
使用唯一索引:
Session 1 | Session 2 |
---|---|
开启事务,查询 id 为 108 的记录用以更新 mysql> select * from tt where id >= 108 and id < 109 for update; ----- ------ ------ | id | name | age | ----- ------ ------ | 108 | cc | 20 | ----- ------ ------ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) | |
开启事务,间隙插入记录: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(120, 'cd', 23); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> update tt set age = 26 where id = 130; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 操作被 block。 加锁说明: >= 108 条件:主键索引加锁为 Record lock 记录 108 < 109 条件:因为不存在 109 记录,所以继续向右遍历至 130 不满足,加锁 (108, 130] | |
重新开启事务,右侧条件改为开区间 130: mysql> rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where id >= 108 and id < 130 for update; ----- ------ ------ | id | name | age | ----- ------ ------ | 108 | cc | 20 | ----- ------ ------ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) | |
开启事务,操作 130 后间隙插入记录及更新 id 为 130 记录: mysql> insert into tt value(135, 'ce', 32); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> update tt set age = 26 where id = 130; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入操作成功,更新操作被 block。 加锁说明: < 130 条件:存在 130 记录,加锁 (108, 130] | |
重新开启事务,右侧条件改为闭区间 130 mysql> rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where id >= 108 and id <= 130 for update; ----- ------ ------ | id | name | age | ----- ------ ------ | 108 | cc | 20 | | 130 | dd | 25 | ----- ------ ------ | |
开启事务,操作 130 后间隙插入记录及更新 id 为 150 记录: mysql> rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> update tt set age = 35 where id = 150; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入操作成功,更新操作被 block。 加锁说明: <= 130 条件:存在 130 记录,加锁 (108, 130],继续向右查询到不满足条件记录 150,加锁 (130, 150] |
2、使用非唯一索引
Session 1 | Session 2 |
---|---|
开启事务,查询 age 范围记录用以更新: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where age >= 20 and age < 21 for update; ----- ------ ------ | id | name | age | ----- ------ ------ | 108 | cc | 20 | ----- ------ ------ | |
开启事务,间隙插入记录: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(105, 'bc', 18); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> insert into tt value(120, 'cd', 23); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> update tt set name = 'test' where age = 25; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 加锁说明: >= 20 条件:非唯一索引,加锁为 (15, 20] < 21 条件:因为不存在 21 记录,所以继续向右遍历至 25 不满足,加锁 (20, 25] | |
重新开启事务,右侧条件改为开区间 25 mysql> rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where age >= 20 and age < 25 for update; ----- ------ ------ | id | name | age | ----- ------ ------ | 108 | cc | 20 | ----- ------ ------ | |
开启事务,操作 25 后间隙插入记录及更新 id 为 25 记录: mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> update tt set name = 'test' where age = 25; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入操作成功,更新操作被 block。 加锁说明: < 25 条件:存在 25 记录,加锁 (20, 25] | |
重新开启事务,右侧条件改为闭区间 25 mysql> rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where age >= 20 and age <= 25 for update; ----- ------ ------ | id | name | age | ----- ------ ------ | 108 | cc | 20 | | 130 | dd | 25 | ----- ------ ------ | |
开启事务,操作 25 后间隙插入记录及更新 age 为 30 记录: mysql> rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> update tt set name = 'test' where age = 30; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入操作成功,更新操作被 block。 加锁说明: <= 25 条件:存在 25 记录,加锁 (20, 25],继续向右查询到不满足条件记录 30,加锁 (25, 30] |