transformers目前已被广泛地应用到各个领域中，hugging face的transformers是一个非常常用的包，在使用预训练的模型时背后是怎么运行的，我们意义来看。 以transformers=4.5.0为例 基本使用：
代码语言：javascript复制from transformers import BertModel
model = BertModel.from_pretrained('base-base-chinese')找到源码文件：modeling_bert.py：
代码语言：javascript复制class BertModel(BertPreTrainedModel):会继承BertPreTrainedModel，
代码语言：javascript复制class BertPreTrainedModel(PreTrainedModel):而BertPreTrainedModel继承PreTrainedModel，
代码语言：javascript复制from ...modeling_utils import (
PreTrainedModel,
apply_chunking_to_forward,
find_pruneable_heads_and_indices,
prune_linear_layer,
)PreTrainedModel实在modeling_utils.py里面被定义。去到这个文件，主要看下其的from_pretrained()方法： @classmethod
代码语言：javascript复制 def from_pretrained(cls, pretrained_model_name_or_path: Optional[Union[str, os.PathLike]], *model_args, **kwargs):
r"""
Instantiate a pretrained pytorch model from a pre-trained model configuration.
The model is set in evaluation mode by default using ``model.eval()`` (Dropout modules are deactivated). To
train the model, you should first set it back in training mode with ``model.train()``.
The warning `Weights from XXX not initialized from pretrained model` means that the weights of XXX do not come
pretrained with the rest of the model. It is up to you to train those weights with a downstream fine-tuning
task.
The warning `Weights from XXX not used in YYY` means that the layer XXX is not used by YYY, therefore those
weights are discarded.
Parameters:
pretrained_model_name_or_path (:obj:`str` or :obj:`os.PathLike`, `optional`):
Can be either:
- A string, the `model id` of a pretrained model hosted inside a model repo on huggingface.co.
Valid model ids can be located at the root-level, like ``bert-base-uncased``, or namespaced under
a user or organization name, like ``dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased``.
- A path to a `directory` containing model weights saved using
:func:`~transformers.PreTrainedModel.save_pretrained`, e.g., ``./my_model_directory/``.
- A path or url to a `tensorflow index checkpoint file` (e.g, ``./tf_model/model.ckpt.index``). In
this case, ``from_tf`` should be set to :obj:`True` and a configuration object should be provided
as ``config`` argument. This loading path is slower than converting the TensorFlow checkpoint in
a PyTorch model using the provided conversion scripts and loading the PyTorch model afterwards.
- :obj:`None` if you are both providing the configuration and state dictionary (resp. with keyword
arguments ``config`` and ``state_dict``).
model_args (sequence of positional arguments, `optional`):
All remaning positional arguments will be passed to the underlying model's ``__init__`` method.
config (:obj:`Union[PretrainedConfig, str, os.PathLike]`, `optional`):
Can be either:
- an instance of a class derived from :class:`~transformers.PretrainedConfig`,
- a string or path valid as input to :func:`~transformers.PretrainedConfig.from_pretrained`.
Configuration for the model to use instead of an automatically loaded configuation. Configuration can
be automatically loaded when:
- The model is a model provided by the library (loaded with the `model id` string of a pretrained
model).
- The model was saved using :func:`~transformers.PreTrainedModel.save_pretrained` and is reloaded
by supplying the save directory.
- The model is loaded by supplying a local directory as ``pretrained_model_name_or_path`` and a
configuration JSON file named `config.json` is found in the directory.
state_dict (:obj:`Dict[str, torch.Tensor]`, `optional`):
A state dictionary to use instead of a state dictionary loaded from saved weights file.
This option can be used if you want to create a model from a pretrained configuration but load your own
weights. In this case though, you should check if using
:func:`~transformers.PreTrainedModel.save_pretrained` and
:func:`~transformers.PreTrainedModel.from_pretrained` is not a simpler option.
cache_dir (:obj:`Union[str, os.PathLike]`, `optional`):
Path to a directory in which a downloaded pretrained model configuration should be cached if the
standard cache should not be used.
from_tf (:obj:`bool`, `optional`, defaults to :obj:`False`):
Load the model weights from a TensorFlow checkpoint save file (see docstring of
``pretrained_model_name_or_path`` argument).
force_download (:obj:`bool`, `optional`, defaults to :obj:`False`):
Whether or not to force the (re-)download of the model weights and configuration files, overriding the
cached versions if they exist.
resume_download (:obj:`bool`, `optional`, defaults to :obj:`False`):
Whether or not to delete incompletely received files. Will attempt to resume the download if such a
file exists.
proxies (:obj:`Dict[str, str], `optional`):
A dictionary of proxy servers to use by protocol or endpoint, e.g., :obj:`{'http': 'foo.bar:3128',
'http://hostname': 'foo.bar:4012'}`. The proxies are used on each request.
output_loading_info(:obj:`bool`, `optional`, defaults to :obj:`False`):
Whether ot not to also return a dictionary containing missing keys, unexpected keys and error messages.
local_files_only(:obj:`bool`, `optional`, defaults to :obj:`False`):
Whether or not to only look at local files (i.e., do not try to download the model).
use_auth_token (:obj:`str` or `bool`, `optional`):
The token to use as HTTP bearer authorization for remote files. If :obj:`True`, will use the token
generated when running :obj:`transformers-cli login` (stored in :obj:`~/.huggingface`).
revision(:obj:`str`, `optional`, defaults to :obj:`"main"`):
The specific model version to use. It can be a branch name, a tag name, or a commit id, since we use a
git-based system for storing models and other artifacts on huggingface.co, so ``revision`` can be any
identifier allowed by git.
mirror(:obj:`str`, `optional`, defaults to :obj:`None`):
Mirror source to accelerate downloads in China. If you are from China and have an accessibility
problem, you can set this option to resolve it. Note that we do not guarantee the timeliness or safety.
Please refer to the mirror site for more information.
kwargs (remaining dictionary of keyword arguments, `optional`):
Can be used to update the configuration object (after it being loaded) and initiate the model (e.g.,
:obj:`output_attentions=True`). Behaves differently depending on whether a ``config`` is provided or
automatically loaded:
- If a configuration is provided with ``config``, ``**kwargs`` will be directly passed to the
underlying model's ``__init__`` method (we assume all relevant updates to the configuration have
already been done)
- If a configuration is not provided, ``kwargs`` will be first passed to the configuration class
initialization function (:func:`~transformers.PretrainedConfig.from_pretrained`). Each key of
``kwargs`` that corresponds to a configuration attribute will be used to override said attribute
with the supplied ``kwargs`` value. Remaining keys that do not correspond to any configuration
attribute will be passed to the underlying model's ``__init__`` function.
.. note::
Passing :obj:`use_auth_token=True` is required when you want to use a private model.
Examples::
>>> from transformers import BertConfig, BertModel
>>> # Download model and configuration from huggingface.co and cache.
>>> model = BertModel.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased')
>>> # Model was saved using `save_pretrained('./test/saved_model/')` (for example purposes, not runnable).
>>> model = BertModel.from_pretrained('./test/saved_model/')
>>> # Update configuration during loading.
>>> model = BertModel.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased', output_attentions=True)
>>> assert model.config.output_attentions == True
>>> # Loading from a TF checkpoint file instead of a PyTorch model (slower, for example purposes, not runnable).
>>> config = BertConfig.from_json_file('./tf_model/my_tf_model_config.json')
>>> model = BertModel.from_pretrained('./tf_model/my_tf_checkpoint.ckpt.index', from_tf=True, config=config)
"""
config = kwargs.pop("config", None)
state_dict = kwargs.pop("state_dict", None)
cache_dir = kwargs.pop("cache_dir", None)
from_tf = kwargs.pop("from_tf", False)
force_download = kwargs.pop("force_download", False)
resume_download = kwargs.pop("resume_download", False)
proxies = kwargs.pop("proxies", None)
output_loading_info = kwargs.pop("output_loading_info", False)
local_files_only = kwargs.pop("local_files_only", False)
use_auth_token = kwargs.pop("use_auth_token", None)
revision = kwargs.pop("revision", None)
mirror = kwargs.pop("mirror", None)
if is_offline_mode() and not local_files_only:
logger.info("Offline mode: forcing local_files_only=True")
local_files_only = True
# Load config if we don't provide a configuration
if not isinstance(config, PretrainedConfig):
config_path = config if config is not None else pretrained_model_name_or_path
config, model_kwargs = cls.config_class.from_pretrained(
config_path,
*model_args,
cache_dir=cache_dir,
return_unused_kwargs=True,
force_download=force_download,
resume_download=resume_download,
proxies=proxies,
local_files_only=local_files_only,
use_auth_token=use_auth_token,
revision=revision,
**kwargs,
)
else:
model_kwargs = kwargs
# Load model
if pretrained_model_name_or_path is not None:
pretrained_model_name_or_path = str(pretrained_model_name_or_path)
if os.path.isdir(pretrained_model_name_or_path):
if from_tf and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, TF_WEIGHTS_NAME ".index")):
# Load from a TF 1.0 checkpoint in priority if from_tf
archive_file = os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, TF_WEIGHTS_NAME ".index")
elif from_tf and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME)):
# Load from a TF 2.0 checkpoint in priority if from_tf
archive_file = os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME)
elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, WEIGHTS_NAME)):
# Load from a PyTorch checkpoint
archive_file = os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, WEIGHTS_NAME)
else:
raise EnvironmentError(
"Error no file named {} found in directory {} or `from_tf` set to False".format(
[WEIGHTS_NAME, TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME, TF_WEIGHTS_NAME ".index"],
pretrained_model_name_or_path,
)
)
elif os.path.isfile(pretrained_model_name_or_path) or is_remote_url(pretrained_model_name_or_path):
archive_file = pretrained_model_name_or_path
elif os.path.isfile(pretrained_model_name_or_path ".index"):
assert (
from_tf
), "We found a TensorFlow checkpoint at {}, please set from_tf to True to load from this checkpoint".format(
pretrained_model_name_or_path ".index"
)
archive_file = pretrained_model_name_or_path ".index"
else:
archive_file = hf_bucket_url(
pretrained_model_name_or_path,
filename=(TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME if from_tf else WEIGHTS_NAME),
revision=revision,
mirror=mirror,
)
try:
# Load from URL or cache if already cached
resolved_archive_file = cached_path(
archive_file,
cache_dir=cache_dir,
force_download=force_download,
proxies=proxies,
resume_download=resume_download,
local_files_only=local_files_only,
use_auth_token=use_auth_token,
)
except EnvironmentError as err:
logger.error(err)
msg = (
f"Can't load weights for '{pretrained_model_name_or_path}'. Make sure that:nn"
f"- '{pretrained_model_name_or_path}' is a correct model identifier listed on 'https://huggingface.co/models'nn"
f"- or '{pretrained_model_name_or_path}' is the correct path to a directory containing a file named one of {WEIGHTS_NAME}, {TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME}, {TF_WEIGHTS_NAME}.nn"
)
raise EnvironmentError(msg)
if resolved_archive_file == archive_file:
logger.info("loading weights file {}".format(archive_file))
else:
logger.info("loading weights file {} from cache at {}".format(archive_file, resolved_archive_file))
else:
resolved_archive_file = None
config.name_or_path = pretrained_model_name_or_path
# Instantiate model.
model = cls(config, *model_args, **model_kwargs)
if state_dict is None and not from_tf:
try:
state_dict = torch.load(resolved_archive_file, map_location="cpu")
except Exception:
raise OSError(
f"Unable to load weights from pytorch checkpoint file for '{pretrained_model_name_or_path}' "
f"at '{resolved_archive_file}'"
"If you tried to load a PyTorch model from a TF 2.0 checkpoint, please set from_tf=True. "
)
missing_keys = []
unexpected_keys = []
error_msgs = []
if from_tf:
if resolved_archive_file.endswith(".index"):
# Load from a TensorFlow 1.X checkpoint - provided by original authors
model = cls.load_tf_weights(model, config, resolved_archive_file[:-6]) # Remove the '.index'
else:
# Load from our TensorFlow 2.0 checkpoints
try:
from .modeling_tf_pytorch_utils import load_tf2_checkpoint_in_pytorch_model
model = load_tf2_checkpoint_in_pytorch_model(model, resolved_archive_file, allow_missing_keys=True)
except ImportError:
logger.error(
"Loading a TensorFlow model in PyTorch, requires both PyTorch and TensorFlow to be installed. Please see "
"https://pytorch.org/ and https://www.tensorflow.org/install/ for installation instructions."
)
raise
else:
# Convert old format to new format if needed from a PyTorch state_dict
old_keys = []
new_keys = []
for key in state_dict.keys():
new_key = None
if "gamma" in key:
new_key = key.replace("gamma", "weight")
if "beta" in key:
new_key = key.replace("beta", "bias")
if new_key:
old_keys.append(key)
new_keys.append(new_key)
for old_key, new_key in zip(old_keys, new_keys):
state_dict[new_key] = state_dict.pop(old_key)
# copy state_dict so _load_from_state_dict can modify it
metadata = getattr(state_dict, "_metadata", None)
state_dict = state_dict.copy()
if metadata is not None:
state_dict._metadata = metadata
# PyTorch's `_load_from_state_dict` does not copy parameters in a module's descendants
# so we need to apply the function recursively.
def load(module: nn.Module, prefix=""):
local_metadata = {} if metadata is None else metadata.get(prefix[:-1], {})
module._load_from_state_dict(
state_dict,
prefix,
local_metadata,
True,
missing_keys,
unexpected_keys,
error_msgs,
)
for name, child in module._modules.items():
if child is not None:
load(child, prefix name ".")
# Make sure we are able to load base models as well as derived models (with heads)
start_prefix = ""
model_to_load = model
has_prefix_module = any(s.startswith(cls.base_model_prefix) for s in state_dict.keys())
if not hasattr(model, cls.base_model_prefix) and has_prefix_module:
start_prefix = cls.base_model_prefix "."
if hasattr(model, cls.base_model_prefix) and not has_prefix_module:
model_to_load = getattr(model, cls.base_model_prefix)
load(model_to_load, prefix=start_prefix)
if model.__class__.__name__ != model_to_load.__class__.__name__:
base_model_state_dict = model_to_load.state_dict().keys()
head_model_state_dict_without_base_prefix = [
key.split(cls.base_model_prefix ".")[-1] for key in model.state_dict().keys()
]
missing_keys.extend(head_model_state_dict_without_base_prefix - base_model_state_dict)
# Some models may have keys that are not in the state by design, removing them before needlessly warning
# the user.
if cls._keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing is not None:
for pat in cls._keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing:
missing_keys = [k for k in missing_keys if re.search(pat, k) is None]
if cls._keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected is not None:
for pat in cls._keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected:
unexpected_keys = [k for k in unexpected_keys if re.search(pat, k) is None]
if len(unexpected_keys) > 0:
logger.warning(
f"Some weights of the model checkpoint at {pretrained_model_name_or_path} were not used when "
f"initializing {model.__class__.__name__}: {unexpected_keys}n"
f"- This IS expected if you are initializing {model.__class__.__name__} from the checkpoint of a model trained on another task "
f"or with another architecture (e.g. initializing a BertForSequenceClassification model from a BertForPreTraining model).n"
f"- This IS NOT expected if you are initializing {model.__class__.__name__} from the checkpoint of a model that you expect "
f"to be exactly identical (initializing a BertForSequenceClassification model from a BertForSequenceClassification model)."
)
else:
logger.info(f"All model checkpoint weights were used when initializing {model.__class__.__name__}.n")
if len(missing_keys) > 0:
logger.warning(
f"Some weights of {model.__class__.__name__} were not initialized from the model checkpoint at {pretrained_model_name_or_path} "
f"and are newly initialized: {missing_keys}n"
f"You should probably TRAIN this model on a down-stream task to be able to use it for predictions and inference."
)
else:
logger.info(
f"All the weights of {model.__class__.__name__} were initialized from the model checkpoint at {pretrained_model_name_or_path}.n"
f"If your task is similar to the task the model of the checkpoint was trained on, "
f"you can already use {model.__class__.__name__} for predictions without further training."
)
if len(error_msgs) > 0:
raise RuntimeError(
"Error(s) in loading state_dict for {}:nt{}".format(
model.__class__.__name__, "nt".join(error_msgs)
)
)
# make sure token embedding weights are still tied if needed
model.tie_weights()
# Set model in evaluation mode to deactivate DropOut modules by default
model.eval()
if output_loading_info:
loading_info = {
"missing_keys": missing_keys,
"unexpected_keys": unexpected_keys,
"error_msgs": error_msgs,
}
return model, loading_info
return model看到加载模型的那里：我们只关注Pytorch模型
代码语言：javascript复制archive_file = os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, WEIGHTS_NAME)这里的WEIGHTS_NAME在file_utils.py里面被定义为：WEIGHTS_NAME = "pytorch_model.bin"。接下来用到了一个cached_path()函数，也在file_utils.py里面被定义。如果我们没有预先下载号文件，则回去下载，否则会返回我们传入的文件的路径。需要关注的是在from_pretrained可以定义一个cache_dir参数指定文件下载的路径。接下来初始化模型：
代码语言：javascript复制# Instantiate model.
model = cls(config, *model_args, **model_kwargs)然后加载预训练的参数：
代码语言：javascript复制if state_dict is None and not from_tf:
try:
state_dict = torch.load(resolved_archive_file, map_location="cpu")
except Exception:
raise OSError(
f"Unable to load weights from pytorch checkpoint file for '{pretrained_model_name_or_path}' "
f"at '{resolved_archive_file}'"
"If you tried to load a PyTorch model from a TF 2.0 checkpoint, please set from_tf=True. "
)最后就是一系列的将权重映射到模型里面的参数。
