本节教程通过一个简单的游戏小例子,讲解Canvas的基础知识。
最终效果:
点击移动的方块,方块上的分数会增加,方块的行进方向会改变,并且方块的速度会增加。
在线演示
源码
HTML5引入了canvas元素。canvas元素为我们提供了一块空白画布。我们可以使用此画布来绘制和绘制我们想要的任何东西。JavaScript为我们提供了动态制作动画并绘制到画布上所需的工具。它不仅提供绘图和动画系统,还可以处理用户交互。在本教程中,我们将使用纯JavaScript制作基本的HTML5 Canvas框架,该框架可用于制作真实的游戏。在本教程的结尾创建了一个非常简单的游戏,以演示HTML5 Canvas与JavaScript结合的优势。
HTML5 Canvas基本游戏框架
让我们围绕canvas元素创建一个基本的游戏框架。我们需要一个HTML5文件和一个JavaScript文件。HTML5文件应包含canvas元素和对JavaScript文件的引用。JavaScript文件包含将代码绘制到canvas元素的代码。
这是HTML5文件index.html:
代码语言:javascript复制<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Canvas Example</title>
<script type="text/javascript" src="framework.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="viewport" width="640" height="480"></canvas>
</body>
</html>
如您所见,JavaScript文件game.js包含在html文件的头部。画布元素以名称“ viewport”定义,其宽度为640像素,高度为480像素。在我们的framework.js中,我们需要使用其名称查找canvas元素,以便可以在其上进行绘制。我们正在创建的框架应支持渲染循环以及玩家与鼠标的交互。对于渲染循环,我们将使用Window.requestAnimationFrame()。通过添加鼠标事件侦听器来启用鼠标交互。
这是JavaScript文件framework.js:
代码语言:javascript复制// The function gets called when the window is fully loaded
window.onload = function() {
// Get the canvas and context
var canvas = document.getElementById("viewport");
var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
// Timing and frames per second
var lastframe = 0;
var fpstime = 0;
var framecount = 0;
var fps = 0;
// Initialize the game
function init() {
// Add mouse events
canvas.addEventListener("mousemove", onMouseMove);
canvas.addEventListener("mousedown", onMouseDown);
canvas.addEventListener("mouseup", onMouseUp);
canvas.addEventListener("mouseout", onMouseOut);
// Enter main loop
main(0);
}
// Main loop
function main(tframe) {
// Request animation frames
window.requestAnimationFrame(main);
// Update and render the game
update(tframe);
render();
}
// Update the game state
function update(tframe) {
var dt = (tframe - lastframe) / 1000;
lastframe = tframe;
// Update the fps counter
updateFps(dt);
}
function updateFps(dt) {
if (fpstime > 0.25) {
// Calculate fps
fps = Math.round(framecount / fpstime);
// Reset time and framecount
fpstime = 0;
framecount = 0;
}
// Increase time and framecount
fpstime = dt;
framecount ;
}
// Render the game
function render() {
// Draw the frame
drawFrame();
}
// Draw a frame with a border
function drawFrame() {
// Draw background and a border
context.fillStyle = "#d0d0d0";
context.fillRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
context.fillStyle = "#e8eaec";
context.fillRect(1, 1, canvas.width-2, canvas.height-2);
// Draw header
context.fillStyle = "#303030";
context.fillRect(0, 0, canvas.width, 65);
// Draw title
context.fillStyle = "#ffffff";
context.font = "24px Verdana";
context.fillText("HTML5 Canvas Basic Framework ", 10, 30);
// Display fps
context.fillStyle = "#ffffff";
context.font = "12px Verdana";
context.fillText("Fps: " fps, 13, 50);
}
// Mouse event handlers
function onMouseMove(e) {}
function onMouseDown(e) {}
function onMouseUp(e) {}
function onMouseOut(e) {}
// Get the mouse position
function getMousePos(canvas, e) {
var rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
return {
x: Math.round((e.clientX - rect.left)/(rect.right - rect.left)*canvas.width),
y: Math.round((e.clientY - rect.top)/(rect.bottom - rect.top)*canvas.height)
};
}
// Call init to start the game
init();
};
上面的代码绘制了一个带有边框,标题和每秒帧数的简单框架。这是代码生成的内容
带有弹跳方块的游戏
现在我们有了一个框架,让我们用它创建一个简单的游戏。我们将创建一个在屏幕上具有反弹方块的游戏。当玩家单击它时,方块上的分数会增加,方块的行进方向会改变,并且方块的速度会增加。
首先,我们定义一些对象和属性。该级别定义了方块可以反弹的区域。方块本身具有位置,尺寸和运动属性。最后,有一个分数。
代码语言:javascript复制 // Level properties
var level = {
x: 1,
y: 65,
width: canvas.width - 2,
height: canvas.height - 66
};
// Square
var square = {
x: 0,
y: 0,
width: 0,
height: 0,
xdir: 0,
ydir: 0,
speed: 0
}
// Score
var score = 0;
我们需要在init()函数中初始化对象和属性。
代码语言:javascript复制 // Initialize the game
function init() {
// Add mouse events
canvas.addEventListener("mousemove", onMouseMove);
canvas.addEventListener("mousedown", onMouseDown);
canvas.addEventListener("mouseup", onMouseUp);
canvas.addEventListener("mouseout", onMouseOut);
// Initialize the square
square.width = 100;
square.height = 100;
square.x = level.x (level.width - square.width) / 2;
square.y = level.y (level.height - square.height) / 2;
square.xdir = 1;
square.ydir = 1;
square.speed = 200;
// Initialize the score
score = 0;
// Enter main loop
main(0);
}
这些对象需要更新,因此让我们修改update()函数。方块需要移动,并且应该检测并解决与标高边缘的碰撞。
代码语言:javascript复制 // Update the game state
function update(tframe) {
var dt = (tframe - lastframe) / 1000;
lastframe = tframe;
// Update the fps counter
updateFps(dt);
// Move the square, time-based
square.x = dt * square.speed * square.xdir;
square.y = dt * square.speed * square.ydir;
// Handle left and right collisions with the level
if (square.x <= level.x) {
// Left edge
square.xdir = 1;
square.x = level.x;
} else if (square.x square.width >= level.x level.width) {
// Right edge
square.xdir = -1;
square.x = level.x level.width - square.width;
}
// Handle top and bottom collisions with the level
if (square.y <= level.y) {
// Top edge
square.ydir = 1;
square.y = level.y;
} else if (square.y square.height >= level.y level.height) {
// Bottom edge
square.ydir = -1;
square.y = level.y level.height - square.height;
}
}
我们需要绘制方块和分数。这需要在render()函数中完成。
代码语言:javascript复制 // Render the game
function render() {
// Draw the frame
drawFrame();
// Draw the square
context.fillStyle = "#ff8080";
context.fillRect(square.x, square.y, square.width, square.height);
// Draw score inside the square
context.fillStyle = "#ffffff";
context.font = "38px Verdana";
var textdim = context.measureText(score);
context.fillText(score, square.x (square.width-textdim.width)/2, square.y 65);
}
最后一步是添加鼠标交互。让我们将代码添加到onMouseDown()函数中。
代码语言:javascript复制 function onMouseDown(e) {
// Get the mouse position
var pos = getMousePos(canvas, e);
// Check if we clicked the square
if (pos.x >= square.x && pos.x < square.x square.width &&
pos.y >= square.y && pos.y < square.y square.height) {
// Increase the score
score = 1;
// Increase the speed of the square by 10 percent
square.speed *= 1.1;
// Give the square a random position
square.x = Math.floor(Math.random()*(level.x level.width-square.width));
square.y = Math.floor(Math.random()*(level.y level.height-square.height));
// Give the square a random direction
square.xdir = Math.floor(Math.random() * 2) * 2 - 1;
square.ydir = Math.floor(Math.random() * 2) * 2 - 1;
}
}
这是通过基本框架和一些修改而成的最终游戏。单击方块以增加您的分数并前进到下一个方块。