在Ubuntu系统上搭建Ftp服务器，并传输文件

1. 在Ubuntu上搭建Ftp服务器

1.1 安装vsftpd服务器

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sudo apt-get install vsftpd

1.2 配置vsftpd.conf文件

配置文件：

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sudo vi /etc/vsftpd.conf

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# Example config file /etc/vsftpd.conf
#
# The default compiled in settings are fairly paranoid. This sample file
# loosens things up a bit, to make the ftp daemon more usable.
# Please see vsftpd.conf.5 for all compiled in defaults.
#
# READ THIS: This example file is NOT an exhaustive list of vsftpd options.
# Please read the vsftpd.conf.5 manual page to get a full idea of vsftpd's
# capabilities.
#
#
# Run standalone?  vsftpd can run either from an inetd or as a standalone
# daemon started from an initscript.
listen=NO
#
# This directive enables listening on IPv6 sockets. By default, listening
# on the IPv6 "any" address (::) will accept connections from both IPv6
# and IPv4 clients. It is not necessary to listen on *both* IPv4 and IPv6
# sockets. If you want that (perhaps because you want to listen on specific
# addresses) then you must run two copies of vsftpd with two configuration
# files.
listen_ipv6=YES
#
# Allow anonymous FTP? (Disabled by default).
#这个是设置是否允许匿名登录ftp服务器，不允许。
anonymous_enable=NO
#
# Uncomment this to allow local users to log in.
#是否允许本机用户登录
local_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command.
#允许上传文件到ftp服务器
write_enable=YES
#
# Default umask for local users is 077. You may wish to change this to 022,
# if your users expect that (022 is used by most other ftpd's)
#local_umask=022
#
# Uncomment this to allow the anonymous FTP user to upload files. This only
# has an effect if the above global write enable is activated. Also, you will
# obviously need to create a directory writable by the FTP user.
#anon_upload_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this if you want the anonymous FTP user to be able to create
# new directories.
#anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES
#
# Activate directory messages - messages given to remote users when they
# go into a certain directory.
dirmessage_enable=YES
#
# If enabled, vsftpd will display directory listings with the time
# in  your  local  time  zone.  The default is to display GMT. The
# times returned by the MDTM FTP command are also affected by this
# option.
use_localtime=YES
#
# Activate logging of uploads/downloads.
xferlog_enable=YES
#
# Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftp-data).
connect_from_port_20=YES
#
# If you want, you can arrange for uploaded anonymous files to be owned by
# a different user. Note! Using "root" for uploaded files is not
# recommended!
#chown_uploads=YES
#chown_username=whoever
#
# You may override where the log file goes if you like. The default is shown
# below.
#xferlog_file=/var/log/vsftpd.log
#
# If you want, you can have your log file in standard ftpd xferlog format.
# Note that the default log file location is /var/log/xferlog in this case.
#xferlog_std_format=YES
#
# You may change the default value for timing out an idle session.
#idle_session_timeout=600
#
# You may change the default value for timing out a data connection.
#data_connection_timeout=120
#
# It is recommended that you define on your system a unique user which the
# ftp server can use as a totally isolated and unprivileged user.
#nopriv_user=ftpsecure
#
# Enable this and the server will recognise asynchronous ABOR requests. Not
# recommended for security (the code is non-trivial). Not enabling it,
# however, may confuse older FTP clients.
#async_abor_enable=YES
#
# By default the server will pretend to allow ASCII mode but in fact ignore
# the request. Turn on the below options to have the server actually do ASCII
# mangling on files when in ASCII mode.
# Beware that on some FTP servers, ASCII support allows a denial of service
# attack (DoS) via the command "SIZE /big/file" in ASCII mode. vsftpd
# predicted this attack and has always been safe, reporting the size of the
# raw file.
# ASCII mangling is a horrible feature of the protocol.
#ascii_upload_enable=YES
#ascii_download_enable=YES
#
# You may fully customise the login banner string:
#ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service.
#
# You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses. Apparently
# useful for combatting certain DoS attacks.
#deny_email_enable=YES
# (default follows)
#banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd.banned_emails
#
# You may restrict local users to their home directories.  See the FAQ for
# the possible risks in this before using chroot_local_user or
# chroot_list_enable below.
#chroot_local_user=YES
#
# You may specify an explicit list of local users to chroot() to their home
# directory. If chroot_local_user is YES, then this list becomes a list of
# users to NOT chroot().
# (Warning! chroot'ing can be very dangerous. If using chroot, make sure that
# the user does not have write access to the top level directory within the
# chroot)
chroot_local_user=YES
chroot_list_enable=YES
# (default follows) 允许chroot_list文件中配置的用户登录此ftp服务器。
chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
 
# You may activate the "-R" option to the builtin ls. This is disabled by
# default to avoid remote users being able to cause excessive I/O on large
# sites. However, some broken FTP clients such as "ncftp" and "mirror" assume
# the presence of the "-R" option, so there is a strong case for enabling it.
#ls_recurse_enable=YES
#
# Customization
#
# Some of vsftpd's settings don't fit the filesystem layout by
# default.
#
# This option should be the name of a directory which is empty.  Also, the
# directory should not be writable by the ftp user. This directory is used
# as a secure chroot() jail at times vsftpd does not require filesystem
# access.
secure_chroot_dir=/var/run/vsftpd/empty
#
# This string is the name of the PAM service vsftpd will use.
pam_service_name=vsftpd
#
# This option specifies the location of the RSA certificate to use for SSL
# encrypted connections.
rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
rsa_private_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
ssl_enable=NO
 
#
# Uncomment this to indicate that vsftpd use a utf8 filesystem.
#utf8_filesystem=YES
#配置ftp服务器的上传下载文件所在的目录。
local_root=/home/ftpfile
#this directory is for ftp server to save  download or upload data

1.3 配置用户

新建 /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list 文件，在里面添加登录ftp服务器的linux用户

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sudo vi /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list

vsftpd.chroot_list文件内容，michael是我linux的用户名：

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michael

1.4 配置ftp上传/下载文件的存放目录

这个目录要和vsftpd.conf中配置路径一致，比如上面配置的是local_root=/home/ftpfile，就新建/home/ftpfile目录：

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sudo mkdir /home/ftpfile

1.6 给存放目录配置完全访问权限

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#对目录授予权限
sudo chmod -R 777 /home/ftpfile

1.7 使用刚刚的配置重启ftp服务器

只能用下面的命令启动服务器，否则配置不生效

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sudo /etc/init.d/vsftpd restart

1.8 测试登录

查看本机IP

登录ftp服务器

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ftp 192.168.126.132

2. 用Telnet执行ftp交互

2.1 FTP简介

文件传输协议（File Transfer Protocol，FTP）是用于在网络上进行文件传输的一套标准协议，它工作在 OSI 模型的第七层， TCP 模型的第四层，即应用层，使用 TCP 传输而不是 UDP，客户在和服务器建立连接前要经过一个“三次握手”的过程，保证客户与服务器之间的连接是可靠的，而且是面向连接，为数据传输提供可靠保证。

FTP允许用户以文件操作的方式（如文件的增、删、改、查、传送等）与另一主机相互通信。然而，用户并不真正登录到自己想要存取的计算机上面而成为完全用户，可用FTP程序访问远程资源，实现用户往返传输文件、目录管理以及访问电子邮件等等，即使双方计算机可能配有不同的操作系统和文件存储方式。

2.2 FTP交互过程

1.当用户主机与远程主机开启一个FTP会话前，FTP的客户机（用户）首先在21号端口上发起一个用于控制的与服务器（远程主机）的TCP连接。

2.FTP的客户机通过该控制连接发送用户的标识和口令，也可以发送改变远程目录等命令。

3.当FTP的服务器端从该连接上收到一个文件传输的命令后（无论是到远程主机还是从远程主机到客户机），就发起一个到客户机的数据连接。FTP在该数据连接上准确地传送一个文件并关闭该连接，但此时控制链路还保持连接。如果在同一个会话期间，用户还需要传输另一个文件,FTP则打开另一个数据连接。

因而对FTP传输而言，控制连接贯穿了整个用户会话期间，但是针对会话中的每一次文件传输都需要建立一个新的数据连接（即数据连接是非持久性的）。

2.3 telnet执行ftp交互常用指令

③FTP常用命令及代码：


ABOR	中断数据连接程序
ACCT <account>	系统特权帐号
ALLO <bytes>	为服务器上的文件存储器分配字节
appe <filename>	添加文件到服务器同名文件
cdup <dir path>	改变服务器上的父目录
cwd <dir path>	改变服务器上的工作目录
DELE <filename>	删除服务器上的指定文件
HELP <command>	返回指定命令信息
LIST <name>	如果是文件名列出文件信息，如果是目录则列出文件列表
MODE <mode>	传输模式（S=流模式，B=块模式，C=压缩模式）
MKD <directory>	在服务器上建立指定目录
NLST <directory>	列出指定目录内容
NOOP	无动作，除了来自服务器上的承认
PASS <password>	系统登录密码
PASV	请求服务器等待数据连接
PORT <address>	IP 地址和两字节的端口 ID
PWD	显示当前工作目录
QUIT	从 FTP 服务器上退出登录
REIN	重新初始化登录状态连接
REST <offset>	由特定偏移量重启文件传递
RETR <filename>	从服务器上找回（复制）文件
RMD <directory>	在服务器上删除指定目录
RNFR <old path>	对旧路径重命名
RNTO <new path>	对新路径重命名
SITE <params>	由服务器提供的站点特殊参数
SMNT <pathname>	挂载指定文件结构
STAT <directory>	在当前程序或目录上返回信息
STOR <filename>	储存（复制）文件到服务器上
STOU <filename>	储存文件到服务器名称上
STRU <type>	数据结构（F=文件，R=记录，P=页面）
SYST	返回服务器使用的操作系统
TYPE <data type>	数据类型（A=ASCII，E=EBCDIC，I=binary）
USER <username>	系统登录的用户名