Java单元测试Mock框架Mockito入门介绍

2021-07-21 14:44:39 浏览数 (1)

鸡尾酒

Mockito是Java的单元测试Mock框架。它的logo是一杯古巴最著名的鸡尾酒Mojito,Mojito鸡尾酒,源自古巴的哈瓦那,带有浓厚的加勒比海风情。并不浓烈,但是喝一杯下去,脸上会泛起红晕,象少女的羞涩。味道很清新,有一点青涩、有点甜蜜。

Stub & Mock

Stub和Mock是Test Double类型中的2种。Test Double一共有5种类型,Dummy,Stub,Spy,Mock,Fake。

Test Double是测试复制品,用来统称模拟真实对象的假对象。因使用场景有略微不同,而有这5种类型。

  • Dummy,通常只用来填充参数列表。有可能是null对象引用,或Object类实例等。
  • Fake,是简化版的实现,比如基于内存实现的数据库,不会真的去做数据库操作,用简单的HashMap来存放数据。
  • Stub,Stub用来替代SUT(System Under Test)依赖的组件,但是只模拟一个外部依赖,不做断言。
  • Spy,介于Stub和Mock之间。如果真实对象没有被打桩,当调用Spy对象时,真实对象也会被调用。
  • Mock,可以理解为Stub Verification,既模拟外部依赖,也会定义预期结果。

看一个实例,发送邮件,

代码语言:javascript复制
public interface MailService {
    public void send(Message msg);
}

先写个Stub,

代码语言:javascript复制
public class MailServiceStub implements MailService {
    private List<Message> messages = new ArrayList<Message>();

    public void send(Message msg) {
        messages.add(msg);
    }

    public int numberSent() {
        return messages.size();
    }
}     

实现Stub的状态验证,

class OrderStateTester...

代码语言:javascript复制
public void testOrderSendsMailIfUnfilled() {
    Order order = new Order(TALISKER, 51);
    MailServiceStub mailer = new MailServiceStub();
    order.setMailer(mailer);
    order.fill(warehouse);
    assertEquals(1, mailer.numberSent());
}

只做了简单的测试,断言发出了1封邮件。没有测试是否发送给了对的收件人,或者邮件正文是否正确。不过不影响跟Mock比较。

如果用Mock,会怎么写呢?

class OrderInteractionTester...

代码语言:javascript复制
public void testOrderSendsMailIfUnfilled() {
    Order order = new Order(TALISKER, 51);
    Mock warehouse = mock(Warehouse.class);
    Mock mailer = mock(MailService.class);
    order.setMailer((MailService) mailer.proxy());

    mailer.expects(once()).method("send");
    warehouse.expects(once()).method("hasInventory")
        .withAnyArguments()
        .will(returnValue(false));

    order.fill((Warehouse) warehouse.proxy());
}

结合一张图,就一下全明白了,

怎么喝Mockito?

添加Maven dependency,

代码语言:javascript复制
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
    <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
    <version>3.3.3</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

现在可以开始Mock了,先Mock一个List Interface试试,(示例只是玩语法,实际应使用instance)

代码语言:javascript复制
//Let's import Mockito statically so that the code looks clearer
import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;

// mock creation
List mockedList = mock(List.class);

// using mock object
mockedList.add("one");
mockedList.clear();

// verification
verify(mockedList).add("one");
verify(mockedList).clear();

接着用Mockito来做Stub:

代码语言:javascript复制
// You can mock concrete classes, not just interfaces
LinkedList mockedList = mock(LinkedList.class);

// stubbing
when(mockedList.get(0)).thenReturn("first");
when(mockedList.get(1)).thenThrow(new RuntimeException());

// following prints "first"
System.out.println(mockedList.get(0));

// following throws runtime exception
System.out.println(mockedList.get(1));

// following prints "null" because get(999) was not stubbed
System.out.println(mockedList.get(999));

// Although it is possible to verify a stubbed invocation, usually it's just redundant
// If your code cares what get(0) returns, then something else breaks 
// (often even before verify() gets executed).
// If your code doesn't care what get(0) returns, then it should not be stubbed.
verify(mockedList).get(0);

mock默认会返回null,或原始值,或空集合。如int/Integer返回0,boolean/Boolean返回false。

小结

本文首先介绍了Mockito是Java的单元测试Mock框架,然后比较了单元测试中Stub和Mock的区别,最后演示了Mockito如何使用。

参考资料: https://javadoc.io/doc/org.mockito/mockito-core/latest/org/mockito/Mockito.html https://martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html http://xunitpatterns.com/Test Double.html

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