简介
时间应该是在数据处理中经常会用到的一种数据类型,除了Numpy中datetime64 和 timedelta64 这两种数据类型之外,pandas 还整合了其他python库比如scikits.timeseries
中的功能。
时间分类
pandas中有四种时间类型:
- Date times : 日期和时间,可以带时区。和标准库中的
datetime.datetime
类似。 - Time deltas: 绝对持续时间,和 标准库中的
datetime.timedelta
类似。 - Time spans: 由时间点及其关联的频率定义的时间跨度。
- Date offsets:基于日历计算的时间 和 dateutil.relativedelta.relativedelta 类似。
我们用一张表来表示:
类型 | 标量class | 数组class | pandas数据类型 | 主要创建方法 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Date times | Timestamp | DatetimeIndex | datetime64[ns]ordatetime64[ns, tz] | to_datetimeordate_range |
Time deltas | Timedelta | TimedeltaIndex | timedelta64[ns] | to_timedeltaortimedelta_range |
Time spans | Period | PeriodIndex | period[freq] | Periodorperiod_range |
Date offsets | DateOffset | None | None | DateOffset |
看一个使用的例子:
代码语言:javascript复制In [19]: pd.Series(range(3), index=pd.date_range("2000", freq="D", periods=3))
Out[19]:
2000-01-01 0
2000-01-02 1
2000-01-03 2
Freq: D, dtype: int64
看一下上面数据类型的空值:
代码语言:javascript复制In [24]: pd.Timestamp(pd.NaT)
Out[24]: NaT
In [25]: pd.Timedelta(pd.NaT)
Out[25]: NaT
In [26]: pd.Period(pd.NaT)
Out[26]: NaT
# Equality acts as np.nan would
In [27]: pd.NaT == pd.NaT
Out[27]: False
Timestamp
Timestamp 是最基础的时间类型,我们可以这样创建:
代码语言:javascript复制In [28]: pd.Timestamp(datetime.datetime(2012, 5, 1))
Out[28]: Timestamp('2012-05-01 00:00:00')
In [29]: pd.Timestamp("2012-05-01")
Out[29]: Timestamp('2012-05-01 00:00:00')
In [30]: pd.Timestamp(2012, 5, 1)
Out[30]: Timestamp('2012-05-01 00:00:00')
DatetimeIndex
Timestamp 作为index会自动被转换为DatetimeIndex:
代码语言:javascript复制In [33]: dates = [
....: pd.Timestamp("2012-05-01"),
....: pd.Timestamp("2012-05-02"),
....: pd.Timestamp("2012-05-03"),
....: ]
....:
In [34]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(3), dates)
In [35]: type(ts.index)
Out[35]: pandas.core.indexes.datetimes.DatetimeIndex
In [36]: ts.index
Out[36]: DatetimeIndex(['2012-05-01', '2012-05-02', '2012-05-03'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)
In [37]: ts
Out[37]:
2012-05-01 0.469112
2012-05-02 -0.282863
2012-05-03 -1.509059
dtype: float64
date_range 和 bdate_range
还可以使用 date_range 来创建DatetimeIndex:
代码语言:javascript复制In [74]: start = datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1)
In [75]: end = datetime.datetime(2012, 1, 1)
In [76]: index = pd.date_range(start, end)
In [77]: index
Out[77]:
DatetimeIndex(['2011-01-01', '2011-01-02', '2011-01-03', '2011-01-04',
'2011-01-05', '2011-01-06', '2011-01-07', '2011-01-08',
'2011-01-09', '2011-01-10',
...
'2011-12-23', '2011-12-24', '2011-12-25', '2011-12-26',
'2011-12-27', '2011-12-28', '2011-12-29', '2011-12-30',
'2011-12-31', '2012-01-01'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', length=366, freq='D')
date_range
是日历范围,bdate_range
是工作日范围:
In [78]: index = pd.bdate_range(start, end)
In [79]: index
Out[79]:
DatetimeIndex(['2011-01-03', '2011-01-04', '2011-01-05', '2011-01-06',
'2011-01-07', '2011-01-10', '2011-01-11', '2011-01-12',
'2011-01-13', '2011-01-14',
...
'2011-12-19', '2011-12-20', '2011-12-21', '2011-12-22',
'2011-12-23', '2011-12-26', '2011-12-27', '2011-12-28',
'2011-12-29', '2011-12-30'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', length=260, freq='B')
两个方法都可以带上start
,end
, 和periods
参数。
In [84]: pd.bdate_range(end=end, periods=20)
In [83]: pd.date_range(start, end, freq="W")
In [86]: pd.date_range("2018-01-01", "2018-01-05", periods=5)
origin
使用origin
参数,可以修改DatetimeIndex
的起点:
In [67]: pd.to_datetime([1, 2, 3], unit="D", origin=pd.Timestamp("1960-01-01"))
Out[67]: DatetimeIndex(['1960-01-02', '1960-01-03', '1960-01-04'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)
默认情况下origin='unix'
, 也就是起点是1970-01-01 00:00:00
.
In [68]: pd.to_datetime([1, 2, 3], unit="D")
Out[68]: DatetimeIndex(['1970-01-02', '1970-01-03', '1970-01-04'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)
格式化
使用format参数可以对时间进行格式化:
代码语言:javascript复制In [51]: pd.to_datetime("2010/11/12", format="%Y/%m/%d")
Out[51]: Timestamp('2010-11-12 00:00:00')
In [52]: pd.to_datetime("12-11-2010 00:00", format="%d-%m-%Y %H:%M")
Out[52]: Timestamp('2010-11-12 00:00:00')
Period
Period 表示的是一个时间跨度,通常和freq一起使用:
代码语言:javascript复制In [31]: pd.Period("2011-01")
Out[31]: Period('2011-01', 'M')
In [32]: pd.Period("2012-05", freq="D")
Out[32]: Period('2012-05-01', 'D')
Period可以直接进行运算:
代码语言:javascript复制In [345]: p = pd.Period("2012", freq="A-DEC")
In [346]: p 1
Out[346]: Period('2013', 'A-DEC')
In [347]: p - 3
Out[347]: Period('2009', 'A-DEC')
In [348]: p = pd.Period("2012-01", freq="2M")
In [349]: p 2
Out[349]: Period('2012-05', '2M')
In [350]: p - 1
Out[350]: Period('2011-11', '2M')
代码语言:javascript复制注意,Period只有具有相同的freq才能进行算数运算。包括 offsets 和 timedelta
In [352]: p = pd.Period("2014-07-01 09:00", freq="H")
In [353]: p pd.offsets.Hour(2)
Out[353]: Period('2014-07-01 11:00', 'H')
In [354]: p datetime.timedelta(minutes=120)
Out[354]: Period('2014-07-01 11:00', 'H')
In [355]: p np.timedelta64(7200, "s")
Out[355]: Period('2014-07-01 11:00', 'H')
Period作为index可以自动被转换为PeriodIndex:
代码语言:javascript复制In [38]: periods = [pd.Period("2012-01"), pd.Period("2012-02"), pd.Period("2012-03")]
In [39]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(3), periods)
In [40]: type(ts.index)
Out[40]: pandas.core.indexes.period.PeriodIndex
In [41]: ts.index
Out[41]: PeriodIndex(['2012-01', '2012-02', '2012-03'], dtype='period[M]', freq='M')
In [42]: ts
Out[42]:
2012-01 -1.135632
2012-02 1.212112
2012-03 -0.173215
Freq: M, dtype: float64
可以通过 pd.period_range 方法来创建 PeriodIndex:
代码语言:javascript复制In [359]: prng = pd.period_range("1/1/2011", "1/1/2012", freq="M")
In [360]: prng
Out[360]:
PeriodIndex(['2011-01', '2011-02', '2011-03', '2011-04', '2011-05', '2011-06',
'2011-07', '2011-08', '2011-09', '2011-10', '2011-11', '2011-12',
'2012-01'],
dtype='period[M]', freq='M')
还可以通过PeriodIndex直接创建:
代码语言:javascript复制In [361]: pd.PeriodIndex(["2011-1", "2011-2", "2011-3"], freq="M")
Out[361]: PeriodIndex(['2011-01', '2011-02', '2011-03'], dtype='period[M]', freq='M')
DateOffset
DateOffset表示的是频率对象。它和Timedelta很类似,表示的是一个持续时间,但是有特殊的日历规则。比如Timedelta一天肯定是24小时,而在 DateOffset中根据夏令时的不同,一天可能会有23,24或者25小时。
代码语言:javascript复制# This particular day contains a day light savings time transition
In [144]: ts = pd.Timestamp("2016-10-30 00:00:00", tz="Europe/Helsinki")
# Respects absolute time
In [145]: ts pd.Timedelta(days=1)
Out[145]: Timestamp('2016-10-30 23:00:00 0200', tz='Europe/Helsinki')
# Respects calendar time
In [146]: ts pd.DateOffset(days=1)
Out[146]: Timestamp('2016-10-31 00:00:00 0200', tz='Europe/Helsinki')
In [147]: friday = pd.Timestamp("2018-01-05")
In [148]: friday.day_name()
Out[148]: 'Friday'
# Add 2 business days (Friday --> Tuesday)
In [149]: two_business_days = 2 * pd.offsets.BDay()
In [150]: two_business_days.apply(friday)
Out[150]: Timestamp('2018-01-09 00:00:00')
In [151]: friday two_business_days
Out[151]: Timestamp('2018-01-09 00:00:00')
In [152]: (friday two_business_days).day_name()
Out[152]: 'Tuesday'
DateOffsets 和Frequency 运算是先关的,看一下可用的Date Offset 和它相关联的 Frequency:
Date Offset | Frequency String | 描述 |
---|---|---|
DateOffset | None | 通用的offset 类 |
BDayorBusinessDay | 'B' | 工作日 |
CDayorCustomBusinessDay | 'C' | 自定义的工作日 |
Week | 'W' | 一周 |
WeekOfMonth | 'WOM' | 每个月的第几周的第几天 |
LastWeekOfMonth | 'LWOM' | 每个月最后一周的第几天 |
MonthEnd | 'M' | 日历月末 |
MonthBegin | 'MS' | 日历月初 |
BMonthEndorBusinessMonthEnd | 'BM' | 营业月底 |
BMonthBeginorBusinessMonthBegin | 'BMS' | 营业月初 |
CBMonthEndorCustomBusinessMonthEnd | 'CBM' | 自定义营业月底 |
CBMonthBeginorCustomBusinessMonthBegin | 'CBMS' | 自定义营业月初 |
SemiMonthEnd | 'SM' | 日历月末的第15天 |
SemiMonthBegin | 'SMS' | 日历月初的第15天 |
QuarterEnd | 'Q' | 日历季末 |
QuarterBegin | 'QS' | 日历季初 |
BQuarterEnd | 'BQ | 工作季末 |
BQuarterBegin | 'BQS' | 工作季初 |
FY5253Quarter | 'REQ' | 零售季( 52-53 week) |
YearEnd | 'A' | 日历年末 |
YearBegin | 'AS'or'BYS' | 日历年初 |
BYearEnd | 'BA' | 营业年末 |
BYearBegin | 'BAS' | 营业年初 |
FY5253 | 'RE' | 零售年 (aka 52-53 week) |
Easter | None | 复活节假期 |
BusinessHour | 'BH' | business hour |
CustomBusinessHour | 'CBH' | custom business hour |
Day | 'D' | 一天的绝对时间 |
Hour | 'H' | 一小时 |
Minute | 'T'or'min' | 一分钟 |
Second | 'S' | 一秒钟 |
Milli | 'L'or'ms' | 一微妙 |
Micro | 'U'or'us' | 一毫秒 |
Nano | 'N' | 一纳秒 |
DateOffset还有两个方法rollforward()
和rollback()
可以将时间进行移动:
In [153]: ts = pd.Timestamp("2018-01-06 00:00:00")
In [154]: ts.day_name()
Out[154]: 'Saturday'
# BusinessHour's valid offset dates are Monday through Friday
In [155]: offset = pd.offsets.BusinessHour(start="09:00")
# Bring the date to the closest offset date (Monday)
In [156]: offset.rollforward(ts)
Out[156]: Timestamp('2018-01-08 09:00:00')
# Date is brought to the closest offset date first and then the hour is added
In [157]: ts offset
Out[157]: Timestamp('2018-01-08 10:00:00')
上面的操作会自动保存小时,分钟等信息,如果想要设置为 00:00:00 , 可以调用normalize() 方法:
代码语言:javascript复制In [158]: ts = pd.Timestamp("2014-01-01 09:00")
In [159]: day = pd.offsets.Day()
In [160]: day.apply(ts)
Out[160]: Timestamp('2014-01-02 09:00:00')
In [161]: day.apply(ts).normalize()
Out[161]: Timestamp('2014-01-02 00:00:00')
In [162]: ts = pd.Timestamp("2014-01-01 22:00")
In [163]: hour = pd.offsets.Hour()
In [164]: hour.apply(ts)
Out[164]: Timestamp('2014-01-01 23:00:00')
In [165]: hour.apply(ts).normalize()
Out[165]: Timestamp('2014-01-01 00:00:00')
In [166]: hour.apply(pd.Timestamp("2014-01-01 23:30")).normalize()
Out[166]: Timestamp('2014-01-02 00:00:00')
作为index
时间可以作为index,并且作为index的时候会有一些很方便的特性。
可以直接使用时间来获取相应的数据:
代码语言:javascript复制In [99]: ts["1/31/2011"]
Out[99]: 0.11920871129693428
In [100]: ts[datetime.datetime(2011, 12, 25):]
Out[100]:
2011-12-30 0.56702
Freq: BM, dtype: float64
In [101]: ts["10/31/2011":"12/31/2011"]
Out[101]:
2011-10-31 0.271860
2011-11-30 -0.424972
2011-12-30 0.567020
Freq: BM, dtype: float64
获取全年的数据:
代码语言:javascript复制In [102]: ts["2011"]
Out[102]:
2011-01-31 0.119209
2011-02-28 -1.044236
2011-03-31 -0.861849
2011-04-29 -2.104569
2011-05-31 -0.494929
2011-06-30 1.071804
2011-07-29 0.721555
2011-08-31 -0.706771
2011-09-30 -1.039575
2011-10-31 0.271860
2011-11-30 -0.424972
2011-12-30 0.567020
Freq: BM, dtype: float64
获取某个月的数据:
代码语言:javascript复制In [103]: ts["2011-6"]
Out[103]:
2011-06-30 1.071804
Freq: BM, dtype: float64
DF可以接受时间作为loc的参数:
代码语言:javascript复制In [105]: dft
Out[105]:
A
2013-01-01 00:00:00 0.276232
2013-01-01 00:01:00 -1.087401
2013-01-01 00:02:00 -0.673690
2013-01-01 00:03:00 0.113648
2013-01-01 00:04:00 -1.478427
... ...
2013-03-11 10:35:00 -0.747967
2013-03-11 10:36:00 -0.034523
2013-03-11 10:37:00 -0.201754
2013-03-11 10:38:00 -1.509067
2013-03-11 10:39:00 -1.693043
[100000 rows x 1 columns]
In [106]: dft.loc["2013"]
Out[106]:
A
2013-01-01 00:00:00 0.276232
2013-01-01 00:01:00 -1.087401
2013-01-01 00:02:00 -0.673690
2013-01-01 00:03:00 0.113648
2013-01-01 00:04:00 -1.478427
... ...
2013-03-11 10:35:00 -0.747967
2013-03-11 10:36:00 -0.034523
2013-03-11 10:37:00 -0.201754
2013-03-11 10:38:00 -1.509067
2013-03-11 10:39:00 -1.693043
[100000 rows x 1 columns]
时间切片:
代码语言:javascript复制In [107]: dft["2013-1":"2013-2"]
Out[107]:
A
2013-01-01 00:00:00 0.276232
2013-01-01 00:01:00 -1.087401
2013-01-01 00:02:00 -0.673690
2013-01-01 00:03:00 0.113648
2013-01-01 00:04:00 -1.478427
... ...
2013-02-28 23:55:00 0.850929
2013-02-28 23:56:00 0.976712
2013-02-28 23:57:00 -2.693884
2013-02-28 23:58:00 -1.575535
2013-02-28 23:59:00 -1.573517
[84960 rows x 1 columns]
切片和完全匹配
考虑下面的一个精度为分的Series对象:
代码语言:javascript复制In [120]: series_minute = pd.Series(
.....: [1, 2, 3],
.....: pd.DatetimeIndex(
.....: ["2011-12-31 23:59:00", "2012-01-01 00:00:00", "2012-01-01 00:02:00"]
.....: ),
.....: )
.....:
In [121]: series_minute.index.resolution
Out[121]: 'minute'
时间精度小于分的话,返回的是一个Series对象:
代码语言:javascript复制In [122]: series_minute["2011-12-31 23"]
Out[122]:
2011-12-31 23:59:00 1
dtype: int64
时间精度大于分的话,返回的是一个常量:
代码语言:javascript复制In [123]: series_minute["2011-12-31 23:59"]
Out[123]: 1
In [124]: series_minute["2011-12-31 23:59:00"]
Out[124]: 1
同样的,如果精度为秒的话,小于秒会返回一个对象,等于秒会返回常量值。
时间序列的操作
Shifting
使用shift方法可以让 time series 进行相应的移动:
代码语言:javascript复制In [275]: ts = pd.Series(range(len(rng)), index=rng)
In [276]: ts = ts[:5]
In [277]: ts.shift(1)
Out[277]:
2012-01-01 NaN
2012-01-02 0.0
2012-01-03 1.0
Freq: D, dtype: float64
通过指定 freq , 可以设置shift的方式:
代码语言:javascript复制In [278]: ts.shift(5, freq="D")
Out[278]:
2012-01-06 0
2012-01-07 1
2012-01-08 2
Freq: D, dtype: int64
In [279]: ts.shift(5, freq=pd.offsets.BDay())
Out[279]:
2012-01-06 0
2012-01-09 1
2012-01-10 2
dtype: int64
In [280]: ts.shift(5, freq="BM")
Out[280]:
2012-05-31 0
2012-05-31 1
2012-05-31 2
dtype: int64
频率转换
时间序列可以通过调用 asfreq 的方法转换其频率:
代码语言:javascript复制In [281]: dr = pd.date_range("1/1/2010", periods=3, freq=3 * pd.offsets.BDay())
In [282]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(3), index=dr)
In [283]: ts
Out[283]:
2010-01-01 1.494522
2010-01-06 -0.778425
2010-01-11 -0.253355
Freq: 3B, dtype: float64
In [284]: ts.asfreq(pd.offsets.BDay())
Out[284]:
2010-01-01 1.494522
2010-01-04 NaN
2010-01-05 NaN
2010-01-06 -0.778425
2010-01-07 NaN
2010-01-08 NaN
2010-01-11 -0.253355
Freq: B, dtype: float64
asfreq还可以指定修改频率过后的填充方法:
代码语言:javascript复制In [285]: ts.asfreq(pd.offsets.BDay(), method="pad")
Out[285]:
2010-01-01 1.494522
2010-01-04 1.494522
2010-01-05 1.494522
2010-01-06 -0.778425
2010-01-07 -0.778425
2010-01-08 -0.778425
2010-01-11 -0.253355
Freq: B, dtype: float64
Resampling 重新取样
给定的时间序列可以通过调用resample方法来重新取样:
代码语言:javascript复制In [286]: rng = pd.date_range("1/1/2012", periods=100, freq="S")
In [287]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 500, len(rng)), index=rng)
In [288]: ts.resample("5Min").sum()
Out[288]:
2012-01-01 25103
Freq: 5T, dtype: int64
resample 可以接受各类统计方法,比如:sum
,mean
,std
,sem
,max
,min
,median
,first
,last
,ohlc
。
In [289]: ts.resample("5Min").mean()
Out[289]:
2012-01-01 251.03
Freq: 5T, dtype: float64
In [290]: ts.resample("5Min").ohlc()
Out[290]:
open high low close
2012-01-01 308 460 9 205
In [291]: ts.resample("5Min").max()
Out[291]:
2012-01-01 460
Freq: 5T, dtype: int64
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