RabbitMQ 七种队列模式应用场景案例分析（通俗易懂）

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> 作者：我思知我在 , 链接：blog.csdn.net/qq_32828253/article/details/110450249

七种模式介绍与应用场景

简单模式（Hello World）

做最简单的事情，一个生产者对应一个消费者，RabbitMQ 相当于一个消息代理，负责将 A 的消息转发给 B 应用场景：将发送的电子邮件放到消息队列，然后邮件服务在队列中获取邮件并发送给收件人

工作队列模式（Work queues）

在多个消费者之间分配任务（竞争的消费者模式），一个生产者对应多个消费者，一般适用于执行资源密集型任务，单个消费者处理不过来，需要多个消费者进行处理 应用场景：一个订单的处理需要 10s，有多个订单可以同时放到消息队列，然后让多个消费者同时处理，这样就是并行了，而不是单个消费者的串行情况

订阅模式（Publish/Subscribe）

一次向许多消费者发送消息，一个生产者发送的消息会被多个消费者获取，也就是将消息将广播到所有的消费者中。 应用场景：更新商品库存后需要通知多个缓存和多个数据库，这里的结构应该是：

1. 一个 fanout 类型交换机扇出两个个消息队列，分别为缓存消息队列、数据库消息队列
2. 一个缓存消息队列对应着多个缓存消费者
3. 一个数据库消息队列对应着多个数据库消费者

路由模式（Routing）

有选择地（Routing key）接收消息，发送消息到交换机并且要指定路由 key ，消费者将队列绑定到交换机时需要指定路由 key，仅消费指定路由 key 的消息 应用场景：如在商品库存中增加了 1 台 iphone12，iphone12 促销活动消费者指定 routing key 为 iphone12，只有此促销活动会接收到消息，其它促销活动不关心也不会消费此 routing key 的消息

主题模式（Topics）

根据主题（Topics）来接收消息，将路由 key 和某模式进行匹配，此时队列需要绑定在一个模式上，#匹配一个词或多个词，*只匹配一个词。 应用场景：同上，iphone 促销活动可以接收主题为 iphone 的消息，如 iphone12、iphone13 等

远程过程调用（RPC）

如果我们需要在远程计算机上运行功能并等待结果就可以使用 RPC，具体流程可以看图。 应用场景：需要等待接口返回数据，如订单支付

发布者确认（Publisher Confirms）

与发布者进行可靠的发布确认，发布者确认是 RabbitMQ 扩展，可以实现可靠的发布。在通道上启用发布者确认后，RabbitMQ 将异步确认发送者发布的消息，这意味着它们已在服务器端处理 应用场景：对于消息可靠性要求较高，比如钱包扣款

代码演示：

代码中没有对后面两种模式演示，有兴趣可以自己研究

简单模式

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
​
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
​
public class Sender {
​
    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "simple_queue";
​
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
​
        // 声明队列
        // queue：队列名
        // durable：是否持久化
        // exclusive：是否排外  即只允许该channel访问该队列   一般等于true的话用于一个队列只能有一个消费者来消费的场景
        // autoDelete：是否自动删除  消费完删除
        // arguments：其他属性
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
​
        //消息内容
        String message = "simplest mode message";
        channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());
        System.out.println("[x]Sent '"   message   "'");
​
        //最后关闭通关和连接
        channel.close();
        connection.close();
​
    }
}

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
​
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
​
​
public class Receiver {
​
    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "simplest_queue";
​
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
        // 获取连接
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
​
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
​
        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '"  
                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()   "':'"   message   "'");
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });
    }
}

工作队列模式

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
​
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
​
public class Receiver1 {
​
    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";
​
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
​
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // 同一时刻服务器只会发送一条消息给消费者
        channel.basicQos(1);
​
        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '"  
                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()   "':'"   message   "'");
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });
​
    }
}

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
​
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
​
​
public class Receiver2 {
​
    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";
​
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
​
​
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // 同一时刻服务器只会发送一条消息给消费者
        channel.basicQos(1);
​
        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '"  
                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()   "':'"   message   "'");
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });
​
    }
}

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
​
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
​
​
public class Sender {
​
    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";
​
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
​
        // 声明队列
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i  ) {
            String message = "work mode message"   i;
            channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println("[x] Sent '"   message   "'");
            Thread.sleep(i * 10);
        }
​
        channel.close();
        connection.close();
    }
}

发布订阅模式

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
​
public class Receive1 {
​
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
​
    public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
​
​
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
        String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
        channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");
​
        System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL C");
​
        // 订阅消息的回调函数
        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '"   message   "'");
        };
​
        // 消费者，有消息时出发订阅回调函数
        channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });
    }
}

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
​
public class Receive2 {
​
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
​
    public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
​
​
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
        String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
        channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");
​
        System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL C");
​
        // 订阅消息的回调函数
        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received2 '"   message   "'");
        };
​
        // 消费者，有消息时出发订阅回调函数
        channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });
    }
}

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
​
public class Sender {
​
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
​
    public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
​
​
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
​
        String message = "publish subscribe message";
        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "", null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
        System.out.println(" [x] Sent '"   message   "'");
​
        channel.close();
        connection.close();
    }
}

路由模式

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;


public class Receiver1 {

    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_routing";
    private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();


        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // 指定路由的key，接收key和key2
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key");
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2");

        channel.basicQos(1);

        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '"  
                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()   "':'"   message   "'");
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });
    }

}

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;


public class Receiver2 {

    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_routing2";
    private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();


        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // 仅接收key2
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2");

        channel.basicQos(1);

        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '"  
                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()   "':'"   message   "'");
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });


    }
}

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;


public class Sender {

    private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";
    private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = "direct";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        // 交换机声明
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, EXCHANGE_TYPE);

        // 只有routingKey相同的才会消费
        String message = "routing mode message";
        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2", null, message.getBytes());
        System.out.println("[x] Sent '"   message   "'");
//        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key", null, message.getBytes());
//        System.out.println("[x] Sent '"   message   "'");

        channel.close();
        connection.close();
    }
}

主题模式

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;


public class Receiver1 {

    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_topic";
    private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // 可以接收key.1
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.*");

        channel.basicQos(1);

        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '"  
                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()   "':'"   message   "'");
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });
    }
}

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver2 {

    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_topic2";
    private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";
    private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = "topic";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // *号代表单个单词，可以接收key.1
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "*.*");
        // #号代表多个单词，可以接收key.1.2
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "*.#");

        channel.basicQos(1);

        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '"  
                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()   "':'"   message   "'");
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });
    }
}

代码语言：javascript复制

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;


public class Sender {

    private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";
    private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = "topic";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, EXCHANGE_TYPE);

        String message = "topics model message with key.1";
        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.1", null, message.getBytes());
        System.out.println("[x] Sent '"   message   "'");
        String message2 = "topics model message with key.1.2";
        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.1.2", null, message2.getBytes());
        System.out.println("[x] Sent '"   message2   "'");

        channel.close();
        connection.close();
    }
}

四种交换机介绍

直连交换机（Direct exchange）：具有路由功能的交换机，绑定到此交换机的时候需要指定一个routing_key，交换机发送消息的时候需要routing_key，会将消息发送道对应的队列 扇形交换机（Fanout exchange）：广播消息到所有队列，没有任何处理，速度最快 主题交换机（Topic exchange）：在直连交换机基础上增加模式匹配，也就是对routing_key进行模式匹配，*代表一个单词，#代表多个单词 首部交换机（Headers exchange）：忽略routing_key，使用Headers信息（一个 Hash 的数据结构）进行匹配，优势在于可以有更多更灵活的匹配规则

总结

这么多种队列模式中都有其应用场景，大家可以根据应用场景示例中进行选择

参考

• RabbitMQ 官方教程
• 官方教程源码

rabbitmq

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