作者:yukkizhang,腾讯 CSIG 测试工程师
本文直接从常用的 Python 单元测试框架出发,分别对几种框架进行了简单的介绍和小结,然后介绍了 Mock 的框架,以及测试报告生成方式,并以具体代码示例进行说明,最后列举了一些常见问题。
一、常用 Python 单测框架
若你不想安装或不允许第三方库,那么 unittest
是最好也是唯一的选择。反之,pytest
无疑是最佳选择,众多 Python 开源项目(如大名鼎鼎的 requests)都是使用 pytest
作为单元测试框架。甚至,连 nose2
在官方文档上都建议大家使用 pytest
。我们知道,nose 已经进入了维护模式,取代者是 nose2。相比 nose2,pytest 的生态无疑更具优势,社区的活跃度也更高。
总体来说,unittest 用例格式复杂,兼容性无,插件少,二次开发方便。pytest 更加方便快捷,用例格式简单,可以执行 unittest 风格的测试用例,较好的兼容性,插件丰富。
二、unittest
1. 基本概念
unittest 中最核心的四个概念是:**test fixture、test case、test suite、test runner **。
- test fixture:表示执行一个或多个测试所需的准备,以及任何关联的清理操作。例如这可能涉及创建临时或代理数据库、目录或启动服务器进程。
- test case:测试用例是最小的测试单元。它检查特定的输入集的响应。单元测试提供了一个基类测试用例,可用于创建新的测试用例。
- test suite:测试套件是测试用例、测试套件或两者的集合,用于归档需要一起执行的测试。
- test runner:是一个用于执行和输出结果的组件。这个运行器可能使用图形接口、文本接口,或返回一个特定的值表示运行测试的结果。
2. 编写规则
- 编写单元测试时,我们需要编写一个测试类,从
unittest.TestCase
继承。 - 以
test
开头的方法就是测试方法,不以test
开头的方法不被认为是测试方法,测试的时候不会被执行。 - 对每一类测试都需要编写一个
test_xxx()
方法。
3. 简单示例
3.1 目录结构
代码语言:javascript复制$ tree .
.
├── README.md
├── requirements.txt
└── src
├── demo
│ └── calculator.py
└── tests
└── demo
├── __init__.py
├── test_calculator_unittest.py
└── test_calculator_unittest_with_fixture.py
3.2 计算器实现代码
代码语言:javascript复制class Calculator:
def add(self, a, b):
return a b
def sub(self, a, b):
return a - b
def mul(self, a, b):
return a * b
def div(self, a, b):
return a / b
3.3 计算器测试代码
代码语言:javascript复制import unittest
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
class TestCalculator(unittest.TestCase):
def test_add(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.add(3, 5)
self.assertEqual(result, 8)
def test_sub(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.sub(10, 5)
self.assertEqual(result, 5)
def test_mul(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.mul(5, 7)
self.assertEqual(result, 35)
def test_div(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.div(10, 5)
self.assertEqual(result, 2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
3.4 执行结果
代码语言:javascript复制Ran 4 tests in 0.002s
OK
4. 用例前置和后置
基于 unittest 的四个概念的理解,上述简单用例,可以修改为:
代码语言:javascript复制import unittest
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
class TestCalculatorWithFixture(unittest.TestCase):
# 测试用例前置动作
def setUp(self):
print("test start")
# 测试用例后置动作
def tearDown(self):
print("test end")
def test_add(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.add(3, 5)
self.assertEqual(result, 8)
def test_sub(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.sub(10, 5)
self.assertEqual(result, 5)
def test_mul(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.mul(5, 7)
self.assertEqual(result, 35)
def test_div(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.div(10, 5)
self.assertEqual(result, 2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 创建测试套件
suit = unittest.TestSuite()
suit.addTest(TestCalculatorWithFixture("test_add"))
suit.addTest(TestCalculatorWithFixture("test_sub"))
suit.addTest(TestCalculatorWithFixture("test_mul"))
suit.addTest(TestCalculatorWithFixture("test_div"))
# 创建测试运行器
runner = unittest.TestRunner()
runner.run(suit)
5. 参数化
标准库的 unittest 自身不支持参数化测试,可以通过第三方库来支持:parameterized 和 ddt。
其中 parameterized 只需要一个装饰器@parameterized.expand
,ddt 需要三个装饰器@ddt、@data、@unpack
,它们生成的 test 分别有一个名字,ddt 会携带具体的参数信息。
5.1 parameterized
代码语言:javascript复制import unittest
from parameterized import parameterized, param
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
class TestCalculator(unittest.TestCase):
@parameterized.expand([
param(3, 5, 8),
param(1, 2, 3),
param(2, 2, 4)
])
def test_add(self, num1, num2, total):
c = Calculator()
result = c.add(num1, num2)
self.assertEqual(result, total)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
执行结果:
代码语言:javascript复制test_add_0 (__main__.TestCalculator) ... ok
test_add_1 (__main__.TestCalculator) ... ok
test_add_2 (__main__.TestCalculator) ... ok
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 3 tests in 0.000s
OK
5.2 ddt
代码语言:javascript复制import unittest
from ddt import data, unpack, ddt
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
@ddt
class TestCalculator(unittest.TestCase):
@data((3, 5, 8),(1, 2, 3),(2, 2, 4))
@unpack
def test_add(self, num1, num2, total):
c = Calculator()
result = c.add(num1, num2)
self.assertEqual(result, total)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
执行结果:
代码语言:javascript复制test_add_1__3__5__8_ (__main__.TestCalculator) ... ok
test_add_2__1__2__3_ (__main__.TestCalculator) ... ok
test_add_3__2__2__4_ (__main__.TestCalculator) ... ok
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 3 tests in 0.000s
OK
6. 断言
unittest 提供了丰富的断言,常用的包括:
assertEqual、assertNotEqual、assertTrue、assertFalse、assertIn、assertNotIn 等。
具体可以直接看源码提供的方法:
enter image description here
三、nose
nose 已经进入维护模式,从github nose上可以看到,nose 最近的一次代码提交还是在 2016 年 5 月 4 日。
继承 nose 的是 nose2,但要注意的是,nose2 并不支持 nose 的全部功能,它们的区别可以看这里。nose2 的主要目的是扩展 Python 的标准单元测试库 unittest,因此它的定位是“带插件的 unittest”。nose2 提供的插件,例如测试用例加载器,覆盖度报告生成器,并行测试等内置插件和第三方插件,让单元测试变得更加完善。
nose2 的社区没有 pytest 的活跃,要使用高级框架,推荐使用 pytest,因此下文不做过多详述。
1. 编写规则
- nose2 的测试用例并不限制于类,也可以直接使用函数。
- 任何函数和类,只要名称匹配一定的条件(例如,以 test 开头或以 test 结尾等),都会被自动识别为测试用例;
- 为了兼容 unittest, 所有的基于 unitest 编写的测试用例,也会被 nose 自动识别为。
2. 简单示例
2.1 计算器代码
参考 unittest 的计算器代码部分。
2.2 计算器测试代码
代码语言:javascript复制import nose2
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
def test_add():
c = Calculator()
result = c.add(3, 5)
assert result == 8
def test_sub():
c = Calculator()
result = c.sub(10, 5)
assert result == 5
def test_mul():
c = Calculator()
result = c.mul(5, 7)
assert result == 35
def test_div():
c = Calculator()
result = c.div(10, 5)
assert result == 2
if __name__ == '__main__':
nose2.main()
2.3 执行结果
代码语言:javascript复制....
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 4 tests in 0.000s
OK
3. 参数化
代码语言:javascript复制import nose2
from nose2.tools import params
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
test_data = [
{"nums": (3, 5), "total": 8},
{"nums": (1, 2), "total": 3},
{"nums": (2, 2), "total": 4}
]
@params(*test_data)
def test_add(data):
c = Calculator()
result = c.add(*data['nums'])
assert result == data['total']
if __name__ == '__main__':
nose2.main()
四、pytest
1. 编写规则
- 测试文件以 test_开头(以 test 结尾也可以)
- 测试类以 Test 开头,并且不能带有 init 方法
- 测试函数以 test_开头
- 断言使用基本的 assert 即可
可以通过下面的命令,查看 Pytest 收集到哪些测试用例:
代码语言:javascript复制$ py.test --collect-only
2. 简单示例
2.1 计算器代码
参考 unittest 的计算器代码部分。
2.2 计算器实现代码
代码语言:javascript复制import pytest
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
class TestCalculator():
def test_add(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.add(3, 5)
assert result == 8
def test_sub(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.sub(10, 5)
assert result == 5
def test_mul(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.mul(5, 7)
assert result == 35
def test_div(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.div(10, 5)
assert result == 2
if __name__ == '__main__':
pytest.main(['-s', 'test_calculator_pytest.py'])
2.3 执行结果
代码语言:javascript复制============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.8.3, pytest-6.2.2, py-1.10.0, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: python-ut/src/tests/demo
plugins: metadata-1.11.0, html-3.1.1
collected 4 items
test_calculator_pytest.py ....
============================== 4 passed in 0.01s ===============================
3. 用例前置和后置
加上 fixture 夹具,有几种方式:
- 将夹具函数名称作为参数传递到测试用例函数当中
- @pytest.mark.usefixtures("夹具函数名称")
- @pytest.fixture(autouse=True),设置了 autouse,就可以不用上述两种手动方式,默认就会使用夹具
import pytest
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
@pytest.fixture()
def set_up():
print("[pytest with fixture] start")
yield
print("[pytest with fixture] end")
class TestCalculator():
def test_add(self, set_up):
c = Calculator()
result = c.add(3, 5)
assert result == 8
def test_sub(self, set_up):
c = Calculator()
result = c.sub(10, 5)
assert result == 5
@pytest.mark.usefixtures("set_up")
def test_mul(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.mul(5, 7)
assert result == 35
@pytest.mark.usefixtures("set_up")
def test_div(self):
c = Calculator()
result = c.div(10, 5)
assert result == 2
if __name__ == '__main__':
pytest.main(['-s', 'test_calculator_pytest_with_fixture.py'])
执行结果:
代码语言:javascript复制============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.8.3, pytest-6.2.2, py-1.10.0, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: python-ut/src/tests/demo
plugins: metadata-1.11.0, html-3.1.1
collected 4 items
test_calculator_pytest_with_fixture.py [pytest with fixture] start
.[pytest with fixture] end
[pytest with fixture] start
.[pytest with fixture] end
[pytest with fixture] start
.[pytest with fixture] end
[pytest with fixture] start
.[pytest with fixture] end
============================== 4 passed in 0.01s ===============================
4. 参数化
4.1 基础知识
- 如果只有一个参数,里面则是值的列表,比如
@pytest.mark.parametrize("num1", [3, 5, 8])
- 如果有多个参数,则需要用元祖来存放值,一个元祖对应一组参数的值,比如
@pytest.mark.parametrize("num1, num2, total", [(3, 5, 8), (1, 2, 3), (2, 2, 4)])
- 当装饰器
@pytest.mark.parametrize
装饰测试类时,会将数据集合传递给类的所有测试用例方法 - 一个函数或一个类可以装饰多个
@pytest.mark.parametrize
,当参数化有多个装饰器时,用例数是 N*M...
4.2 参数化测试
代码语言:javascript复制import pytest
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
class TestCalculator():
@pytest.mark.parametrize("num1, num2, total", [(3, 5, 8), (1, 2, 3), (2, 2, 4)])
def test_add(self, num1, num2, total):
c = Calculator()
result = c.add(num1, num2)
assert result == total
if __name__ == '__main__':
pytest.main(['test_calculator_pytest_with_parameterize.py'])
执行结果:
代码语言:javascript复制============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.8.3, pytest-6.2.2, py-1.10.0, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: python-ut/src/tests/demo
plugins: metadata-1.11.0, html-3.1.1
collected 3 items
test_calculator_pytest_with_paramtrize.py ...
============================== 3 passed in 0.01s ===============================
4.3 参数化标记数据
代码语言:javascript复制class TestCalculator():
@pytest.mark.parametrize("num1, num2, total", [
pytest.param(5, 1, 4, marks=pytest.mark.passed),
pytest.param(5, 2, 4, marks=pytest.mark.fail),
(5, 4, 1)
])
def test_sub(self, num1, num2, total):
c = Calculator()
result = c.sub(num1, num2)
assert result == total
if __name__ == '__main__':
pytest.main(['test_calculator_pytest_with_parameterize.py'])
执行结果:
代码语言:javascript复制============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.8.3, pytest-6.2.2, py-1.10.0, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: python-ut/src/tests/demo
plugins: metadata-1.11.0, html-3.1.1
collected 3 items
test_calculator_pytest_with_paramtrize.py .F. [100%]
=================================== FAILURES ===================================
________________________ TestCalculator.test_sub[5-2-4] ________________________
self = <demo.test_calculator_pytest_with_paramtrize.TestCalculator object at 0x110813d00>
num1 = 5, num2 = 2, total = 4
@pytest.mark.parametrize("num1, num2, total", [
pytest.param(5, 1, 4, marks=pytest.mark.passed),
pytest.param(5, 2, 4, marks=pytest.mark.fail),
(5, 4, 1)
])
def test_sub(self, num1, num2, total):
c = Calculator()
result = c.sub(num1, num2)
> assert result == total
E assert 3 == 4
test_calculator_pytest_with_paramtrize.py:21: AssertionError
=========================== short test summary info ============================
FAILED test_calculator_pytest_with_paramtrize.py::TestCalculator::test_sub[5-2-4]
=================== 1 failed, 2 passed, 2 warnings in 0.04s ====================
5. 断言
在 unittest 单元测试框架中提供了丰富的断言方法,例如 assertEqual()、assertIn()、assertTrue()、assertIs()等,而 pytest 单元测试框架中并没提供特殊的断言方法,而是直接使用 python 的 assert 进行断言。
- assert 可以使用
==
、!=
、<
、>
、>=
、<=
等符号来比较相等、不相等、小于、大于、大于等于和小于等于。 - 断言包含和不包含,使用
assert a in b
和assert a not in b
- 断言真假,使用
assert condition
和assert not condition
- 断言异常,使用 pytest.raise 获取信息 # 详细断言异常 def test_zero_division_long(): with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError) as excinfo: 1 / 0 # 断言异常类型 type assert excinfo.type == ZeroDivisionError # 断言异常 value 值 assert "division by zero" in str(excinfo.value)
6. 重跑
需要安装额外的插件 pytest-rerunfailures
代码语言:javascript复制import pytest
@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=5)
def test_example():
import random
assert random.choice([True, False, False])
执行结果:
代码语言:javascript复制collecting ... collected 1 item
11_reruns.py::test_example RERUN [100%]
11_reruns.py::test_example PASSED [100%]
========================= 1 passed, 1 rerun in 0.05s ==========================
五、Mock
1. mock
mock 原是 python 的第三方库,python3 以后 mock 模块已经整合到了 unittest 测试框架中。
如果使用的是 python3.3 以后版本,那么不用单独安装,使用的时候在文件开头引入from unittest import mock
即可。
如果使用的是 python2,需要先pip install mock
安装后再import mock
即可。
1.1 Mock 一个方法
代码语言:javascript复制import unittest
from unittest import mock
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
def multiple(a, b):
return a * b
class TestCalculator(unittest.TestCase):
@mock.patch('test_calculator_mock.multiple')
def test_function_multiple(self, mock_multiple):
mock_return = 1
mock_multiple.return_value = mock_return
result = multiple(3, 5)
self.assertEqual(result, mock_return)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
1.2 Mock 一个对象里面的方法
分别给出了普通写法和注解写法,以及 side_effect 关键参数的效果案例。
代码语言:javascript复制import unittest
from unittest import mock
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
class TestCalculator(unittest.TestCase):
def test_add(self):
c = Calculator()
mock_return = 10
c.add = mock.Mock(return_value=mock_return)
result = c.add(3, 5)
self.assertEqual(result, mock_return)
def test_add_with_side_effect(self):
c = Calculator()
mock_return = 10
# 传递side_effect关键字参数, 会覆盖return_value参数值, 使用真实的add方法测试
c.add = mock.Mock(return_value=mock_return, side_effect=c.add)
result = c.add(3, 5)
self.assertEqual(result, 8)
@mock.patch.object(Calculator, 'add')
def test_add_with_annotation(self, mock_add):
c = Calculator()
mock_return = 10
mock_add.return_value = mock_return
result = c.add(3, 5)
self.assertEqual(result, mock_return)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
1.3 Mock 每次调用返回不同的值
代码语言:javascript复制import unittest
from unittest import mock
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
class TestCalculator(unittest.TestCase):
@mock.patch.object(Calculator, 'add')
def test_add_with_different_return(self, mock_add):
c = Calculator()
mock_return = [10, 8]
mock_add.side_effect = mock_return
result1 = c.add(3, 5)
result2 = c.add(3, 5)
self.assertEqual(result1, mock_return[0])
self.assertEqual(result2, mock_return[1])
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
1.4 Mock 抛出异常的方法
代码语言:javascript复制import unittest
from unittest import mock
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
# 被调用函数
def multiple(a, b):
return a * b
# 实际调用函数
def is_error(a, b):
try:
return multiple(a, b)
except Exception as e:
return -1
class TestCalculator(unittest.TestCase):
@mock.patch('test_calculator_mock.multiple')
def test_function_multiple_exception(self, mock_multiple):
mock_multiple.side_effect = Exception
result = is_error(3, 5)
self.assertEqual(result, -1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
1.5 Mock 多个方法
代码语言:javascript复制import unittest
from unittest import mock
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
def multiple(a, b):
return a * b
class TestCalculator(unittest.TestCase):
# z'h
@mock.patch.object(Calculator, 'add')
@mock.patch('test_calculator_mock.multiple')
def test_both(self, mock_multiple, mock_add):
c = Calculator()
mock_add.return_value = 1
mock_multiple.return_value = 2
self.assertEqual(c.add(3, 5), 1)
self.assertEqual(multiple(3, 5), 2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
2. pytest-mock
如果项目本身使用的框架是 pytest,则 Mock 更建议使用 pytest-mock 这个插件,它提供了一个名为 mocker 的 fixture,仅在当前测试 funciton 或 method 生效,而不用自行包装。
mocker 和 mock.patch 有相同的 api,支持相同的参数。
2.1 简单示例
代码语言:javascript复制import pytest
from src.demo.calculator import Calculator
class TestCalculator():
def test_add(self, mocker):
c = Calculator()
mock_return = 10
mocker.patch.object(c, 'add', return_value=mock_return)
result = c.add(3, 5)
assert result == mock_return
if __name__ == '__main__':
pytest.main(['-s', 'test_calculator_pytest_mock.py'])
2.2 mock 方法和域
代码语言:javascript复制class ForTest:
field = 'origin'
def method():
pass
def test_for_test(mocker):
test = ForTest()
# 方法
mock_method = mocker.patch.object(test, 'method')
test.method()
# 检查行为
assert mock_method.called
# 域
assert 'origin' == test.field
mocker.patch.object(test, 'field', 'mocked')
# 检查结果
assert 'mocked' == test.field
3. monkeypatch
monkeypatch 是 pytest 框架内置的固件,有时候,测试用例需要调用某些依赖于全局配置的功能,或者这些功能本身又调用了某些不容易测试的代码(例如:网络接入)。monkeypatch 提供了一些方法,用于安全地修补和模拟测试中的功能:
代码语言:javascript复制monkeypatch.setattr(obj, name, value, raising=True)
monkeypatch.delattr(obj, name, raising=True)
monkeypatch.setitem(mapping, name, value)
monkeypatch.delitem(obj, name, raising=True)
monkeypatch.setenv(name, value, prepend=False)
monkeypatch.delenv(name, raising=True)
monkeypatch.syspath_prepend(path)
monkeypatch.chdir(path)
主要考虑以下情形:
- 修改测试的函数行为或类的属性
- 修改字典的值
- 修改测试环境的环境变量
- 在测试期间,用于修改和 更改当前工作目录的上下文。
六、单元测试覆盖率报告
- coverage 是 Python 推荐使用的覆盖率统计工具。
- pytest-cov 是 pytest 的插件,它可以让你在 pytest 中使用 cpverage.py。
- HtmlTestRunner,需要在代码里面写入一点配置,但是报告生成比较美观。
coverage 和 pytest-cov 只需要配置,就可直接使用,不需要测试代码配合。
1. coverage
1.1 安装
代码语言:javascript复制pip install coverage
详情可参考:coverage
1.2 运行
代码语言:javascript复制coverage run -m unittest discover
运行结束之后,会生成一个覆盖率统计结果文件(data file).coverage
文件,在 pycharm 里可识别为一个数据库:
1.3 结果
1.3. 1 report
代码语言:javascript复制coverage report -m
执行结果如下:
代码语言:javascript复制$ coverage report -m
Name Stmts Miss Cover Missing
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
src/tests/demo/test_calculator_pytest_with_fixture.py 28 16 43% 8-10, 15-17, 20-22, 26-28, 32-34, 38
src/tests/demo/test_calculator_pytest_with_parameterize.py 15 7 53% 9-11, 19-21, 25
src/tests/demo/test_calculator_unittest.py 22 1 95% 31
src/tests/demo/test_calculator_unittest_with_ddt.py 13 1 92% 18
1.3.2 html
会生成 htmlcov/index.html 文件,在浏览器查看:
代码语言:javascript复制coverage html
点击各个 py 文件,可以查看详细情况。
2. html-testRunner
2.1 安装
代码语言:javascript复制 pip install html-testRunner
详细说明可参考HtmlTestRunner。
2.2 运行
在代码中加上 HTMLTestRunner,如下
代码语言:javascript复制import HtmlTestRunner
# some tests here
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main(testRunner=HtmlTestRunner.HTMLTestRunner())
如果是在测试套件中运行,换成 HTMLTestRunner 即可:
代码语言:javascript复制# 创建测试运行器
# runner = unittest.TestRunner()
runner = HTMLTestRunner()
runner.run(suit)
2.3 结果
默认会生成reports/
文件夹,按照时间显示报告:
3. pytest-cov
3.1 安装
代码语言:javascript复制pip install pytest-cov
详细可参考pytest-cov
3.2 运行
代码语言:javascript复制 pytest --cov --cov-report=html
或者指定目录:
代码语言:javascript复制 pytest --cov=src --cov-report=html
3.3 结果
会生成 htmlcov/index.html 文件,在浏览器查看,类似于 coverage 的报告。
4. 可能的问题
4.1 报告没生成
如果出现不了报告,pycharm 运行的时候,记得选择 python,而不是 Python tests
4.2 在 Pycharm 中配置覆盖率展示
可选择 unittest 和 pytest 为默认 runner
enter image description here
可显示覆盖率窗口:
七、情景示例
1. 概览
1.1 项目介绍
一个简单的博客系统,包含:
- 创建文章
- 获取文章
- 获取文章列表
1.2 项目结构
代码语言:javascript复制├── README.md
├── requirements.txt
└── src
├── blog
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── app.py
│ ├── commands.py
│ ├── database.db
│ ├── init_db.py
│ ├── models.py
│ └── queries.py
└── tests
└── blog
├── __init__.py
├── conftest.py
├── schemas
│ ├── Article.json
│ ├── ArticleList.json
│ └── __init__.py
├── test_app.py
├── test_commands.py
└── test_queries.py
1.3 关键技术
- Flask,web 框架
- SQLite,轻量级数据库,文件格式
- pytest,单元测试框架
- Pydantic,数据校验
2. Service 测试
2.1 创建文章
models.py 如下:
代码语言:javascript复制import os
import sqlite3
import uuid
from typing import List
from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr, Field
class NotFound(Exception):
pass
class Article(BaseModel):
id: str = Field(default_factory=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4()))
author: EmailStr
title: str
content: str
@classmethod
def get_by_id(cls, article_id: str):
con = sqlite3.connect(os.getenv('DATABASE_NAME', 'database.db'))
con.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id=?", (article_id,))
record = cur.fetchone()
if record is None:
raise NotFound
article = cls(**record) # Row can be unpacked as dict
con.close()
return article
@classmethod
def get_by_title(cls, title: str):
con = sqlite3.connect(os.getenv('DATABASE_NAME', 'database.db'))
con.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("SELECT * FROM articles WHERE title = ?", (title,))
record = cur.fetchone()
if record is None:
raise NotFound
article = cls(**record) # Row can be unpacked as dict
con.close()
return article
@classmethod
def list(cls) -> List['Article']:
con = sqlite3.connect(os.getenv('DATABASE_NAME', 'database.db'))
con.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("SELECT * FROM articles")
records = cur.fetchall()
articles = [cls(**record) for record in records]
con.close()
return articles
def save(self) -> 'Article':
with sqlite3.connect(os.getenv('DATABASE_NAME', 'database.db')) as con:
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute(
"INSERT INTO articles (id,author,title,content) VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?)",
(self.id, self.author, self.title, self.content)
)
con.commit()
return self
@classmethod
def create_table(cls, database_name='database.db'):
conn = sqlite3.connect(database_name)
conn.execute(
'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS articles (id TEXT, author TEXT, title TEXT, content TEXT)'
)
conn.close()
commands.py 如下:
代码语言:javascript复制from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
from src.blog.models import Article, NotFound
class AlreadyExists(Exception):
pass
class CreateArticleCommand(BaseModel):
author: EmailStr
title: str
content: str
def execute(self) -> Article:
try:
Article.get_by_title(self.title)
raise AlreadyExists
except NotFound:
pass
article = Article(
author=self.author,
title=self.title,
content=self.title
).save()
return article
单元测试 test_commands.py:
代码语言:javascript复制import pytest
from src.blog.commands import CreateArticleCommand, AlreadyExists
from src.blog.models import Article
def test_create_article():
"""
GIVEN CreateArticleCommand with a valid properties author, title and content
WHEN the execute method is called
THEN a new Article must exist in the database with the same attributes
"""
cmd = CreateArticleCommand(
author='john@doe.com',
title='New Article',
content='Super awesome article'
)
article = cmd.execute()
db_article = Article.get_by_id(article.id)
assert db_article.id == article.id
assert db_article.author == article.author
assert db_article.title == article.title
assert db_article.content == article.content
def test_create_article_with_mock(monkeypatch):
"""
GIVEN CreateArticleCommand with valid properties author, title and content
WHEN the execute method is called
THEN a new Article must exist in the database with same attributes
"""
article = Article(
author='john@doe.com',
title='New Article',
content='Super awesome article'
)
monkeypatch.setattr(
Article,
'save',
lambda self: article
)
cmd = CreateArticleCommand(
author='john@doe.com',
title='New Article',
content='Super awesome article'
)
db_article = cmd.execute()
assert db_article.id == article.id
assert db_article.author == article.author
assert db_article.title == article.title
assert db_article.content == article.content
def test_create_article_already_exists():
"""
GIVEN CreateArticleCommand with a title of some article in database
WHEN the execute method is called
THEN the AlreadyExists exception must be raised
"""
Article(
author='jane@doe.com',
title='New Article',
content='Super extra awesome article'
).save()
cmd = CreateArticleCommand(
author='john@doe.com',
title='New Article',
content='Super awesome article'
)
with pytest.raises(AlreadyExists):
cmd.execute()
当多次运行时候,需要清理数据库,那么需要使用到用例前置和后置:
confest.py:
代码语言:javascript复制import os
import tempfile
import pytest
from src.blog.models import Article
@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def database():
_, file_name = tempfile.mkstemp()
os.environ['DATABASE_NAME'] = file_name
Article.create_table(database_name=file_name)
yield
os.unlink(file_name)
再次运行,执行结果:
代码语言:javascript复制$ python3 -m pytest src/tests/blog/test_commands.py
=================== test session starts ======================
platform darwin -- Python 3.8.3, pytest-6.2.2, py-1.10.0, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: python-ut
plugins: metadata-1.11.0, html-3.1.1, mock-3.5.1
collected 3 items
src/tests/blog/test_commands.py ... [100%]
===================== 3 passed in 0.02s =======================
2.2 获取文章列表
queries.py:
代码语言:javascript复制from typing import List
from pydantic import BaseModel
from src.blog.models import Article
class ListArticlesQuery(BaseModel):
def execute(self) -> List[Article]:
articles = Article.list()
return articles
单元测试 test_queries.py:
代码语言:javascript复制from src.blog.models import Article
from src.blog.queries import ListArticlesQuery, GetArticleByIDQuery
def test_list_articles():
"""
GIVEN 2 articles stored in the database
WHEN the execute method is called
THEN it should return 2 articles
"""
Article(
author='jane@doe.com',
title='New Article',
content='Super extra awesome article'
).save()
Article(
author='jane@doe.com',
title='Another Article',
content='Super awesome article'
).save()
query = ListArticlesQuery()
assert len(query.execute()) == 2
2.3 获取文章
queries.py 里面加入:
代码语言:javascript复制class GetArticleByIDQuery(BaseModel):
id: str
def execute(self) -> Article:
article = Article.get_by_id(self.id)
return article
单元测试 test_queries.py 里加入:
代码语言:javascript复制def test_get_article_by_id():
"""
GIVEN ID of article stored in the database
WHEN the execute method is called on GetArticleByIDQuery with id set
THEN it should return the article with the same id
"""
article = Article(
author='jane@doe.com',
title='New Article',
content='Super extra awesome article'
).save()
query = GetArticleByIDQuery(
id=article.id
)
assert query.execute().id == article.id
3. 其他功能测试
应用入口 app.py:
代码语言:javascript复制from flask import Flask, jsonify, request
from src.blog.commands import CreateArticleCommand
from src.blog.queries import GetArticleByIDQuery, ListArticlesQuery
from pydantic import ValidationError
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/articles/', methods=['POST'])
def create_article():
cmd = CreateArticleCommand(
**request.json
)
return jsonify(cmd.execute().dict())
@app.route('/articles/<article_id>/', methods=['GET'])
def get_article(article_id):
query = GetArticleByIDQuery(
id=article_id
)
return jsonify(query.execute().dict())
@app.route('/articles/', methods=['GET'])
def list_articles():
query = ListArticlesQuery()
records = [record.dict() for record in query.execute()]
return jsonify(records)
@app.errorhandler(ValidationError)
def handle_validation_exception(error):
response = jsonify(error.errors())
response.status_code = 400
return response
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
暴露 json schema,校验响应 payload:
Article.json
代码语言:javascript复制{
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
"title": "Article",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"id": {
"type": "string"
},
"author": {
"type": "string"
},
"title": {
"type": "string"
},
"content": {
"type": "string"
}
},
"required": [
"id",
"author",
"title",
"content"
]
}
ArticleList.json
代码语言:javascript复制{
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
"title": "ArticleList",
"type": "array",
"items": {
"$ref": "file:Article.json"
}
}
从应用本身,串起来整个流程的测试,测试 test_app.py:
代码语言:javascript复制import json
import pathlib
import pytest
from jsonschema import validate, RefResolver
from src.blog.app import app
from src.blog.models import Article
@pytest.fixture
def client():
app.config['TESTING'] = True
with app.test_client() as client:
yield client
def validate_payload(payload, schema_name):
"""
Validate payload with selected schema
"""
schemas_dir = str(
f'{pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.absolute()}/schemas'
)
schema = json.loads(pathlib.Path(f'{schemas_dir}/{schema_name}').read_text())
validate(
payload,
schema,
resolver=RefResolver(
'file://' str(pathlib.Path(f'{schemas_dir}/{schema_name}').absolute()),
schema # it's used to resolve file: inside schemas correctly
)
)
def test_create_article(client):
"""
GIVEN request data for new article
WHEN endpoint /articles/ is called
THEN it should return Article in json format matching schema
"""
data = {
'author': 'john@doe.com',
'title': 'New Article',
'content': 'Some extra awesome content'
}
response = client.post(
'/articles/',
data=json.dumps(
data
),
content_type='application/json',
)
validate_payload(response.json, 'Article.json')
def test_get_article(client):
"""
GIVEN ID of article stored in the database
WHEN endpoint /articles/<id-of-article>/ is called
THEN it should return Article in json format matching schema
"""
article = Article(
author='jane@doe.com',
title='New Article',
content='Super extra awesome article'
).save()
response = client.get(
f'/articles/{article.id}/',
content_type='application/json',
)
validate_payload(response.json, 'Article.json')
def test_list_articles(client):
"""
GIVEN articles stored in the database
WHEN endpoint /articles/ is called
THEN it should return list of Article in json format matching schema
"""
Article(
author='jane@doe.com',
title='New Article',
content='Super extra awesome article'
).save()
response = client.get(
'/articles/',
content_type='application/json',
)
validate_payload(response.json, 'ArticleList.json')
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
'data',
[
{
'author': 'John Doe',
'title': 'New Article',
'content': 'Some extra awesome content'
},
{
'author': 'John Doe',
'title': 'New Article',
},
{
'author': 'John Doe',
'title': None,
'content': 'Some extra awesome content'
}
]
)
def test_create_article_bad_request(client, data):
"""
GIVEN request data with invalid values or missing attributes
WHEN endpoint /create-article/ is called
THEN it should return status 400 and JSON body
"""
response = client.post(
'/articles/',
data=json.dumps(
data
),
content_type='application/json',
)
assert response.status_code == 400
assert response.json is not None
4. 小结
自此,上面的 web 小应用基本可以完成,包含了基本的服务层单元测试、数据库模拟、mock 创建文章以及参数化请求验证。
八、结语
1. 小结
Python 的单元测试框架中,Python 库本身提供了 unittest,也有第三方框架进行了封装。原生的库插件少,二次开发非常方便。第三方框架融合了不少插件,上手简单。
Python 属于脚本语言,不像编译型语言那样先将程序编译成二进制再运行,而是动态地逐行解释运行,虽然其本身的结构灵活多变,但是仍然不妨碍我们用单元测试保证其质量、权衡其设计、设置其有形和无形的约束,为开发保驾护航。
2. 相关阅读
- Python 测试框架最全资源汇总
- Python Testing Tools Taxonomy
- Modern Test-Driven Development in Python
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