可以先创建虚拟环境并在虚拟环境下使用pip安装scrapy。
代码语言：javascript复制$ 项目的目录结构如下图所示。
代码语言：javascript复制(venv) $ tree
.
|____ scrapy.cfg
|____ douban
| |____ spiders
| | |____ __init__.py
| | |____ __pycache__
| |____ __init__.py
| |____ __pycache__
| |____ middlewares.py
| |____ settings.py
| |____ items.py
| |____ pipelines.py说明：Windows系统的命令行提示符下有tree命令，但是Linux和MacOS的终端是没有tree命令的，可以用下面给出的命令来定义tree命令，其实是对find命令进行了定制并别名为tree。
alias tree="find . -print | sed -e 's;[^/]*/;|____;g;s;____|; |;g'"Linux系统也可以通过yum或其他的包管理工具来安装tree。yum install tree
根据刚才描述的数据处理流程，基本上需要我们做的有以下几件事情：
- 在items.py文件中定义字段，这些字段用来保存数据，方便后续的操作。 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Define here the models for your scraped items # # See documentation in: # https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html import scrapy class DoubanItem(scrapy.Item): name = scrapy.Field() year = scrapy.Field() score = scrapy.Field() director = scrapy.Field() classification = scrapy.Field() actor = scrapy.Field()
- 在spiders文件夹中编写自己的爬虫。
(venv) $ scrapy genspider movie movie.douban.com --template=crawl
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy from scrapy.selector import Selector from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule from douban.items import DoubanItem class MovieSpider(CrawlSpider): name = 'movie' allowed_domains = ['movie.douban.com'] start_urls = ['https://movie.douban.com/top250'] rules = ( Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=(r'https://movie.douban.com/top250?start=d .*'))), Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=(r'https://movie.douban.com/subject/d ')), callback='parse_item'), ) def parse_item(self, response): sel = Selector(response) item = DoubanItem() item['name']=sel.xpath('//*[@id="content"]/h1/span[1]/text()').extract() item['year']=sel.xpath('//*[@id="content"]/h1/span[2]/text()').re(r'((d ))') item['score']=sel.xpath('//*[@id="interest_sectl"]/div/p[1]/strong/text()').extract() item['director']=sel.xpath('//*[@id="info"]/span[1]/a/text()').extract() item['classification']= sel.xpath('//span[@property="v:genre"]/text()').extract() item['actor']= sel.xpath('//*[@id="info"]/span[3]/a[1]/text()').extract() return item
说明：上面我们通过Scrapy提供的爬虫模板创建了Spider，其中的rules中的LinkExtractor对象会自动完成对新的链接的解析，该对象中有一个名为extract_link的回调方法。Scrapy支持用XPath语法和CSS选择器进行数据解析，对应的方法分别是xpath和css，上面我们使用了XPath语法对页面进行解析，如果不熟悉XPath语法可以看看后面的补充说明。
到这里，我们已经可以通过下面的命令让爬虫运转起来。
(venv)$ scrapy crawl movie
可以在控制台看到爬取到的数据，如果想将这些数据保存到文件中，可以通过
-o参数来指定文件名，Scrapy支持我们将爬取到的数据导出成JSON、CSV、XML、pickle、marshal等格式。 (venv)$ scrapy crawl moive -o result.json - 在pipelines.py中完成对数据进行持久化的操作。
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Define your item pipelines here # # Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting # See: https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html import pymongo from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem from scrapy.conf import settings from scrapy import log class DoubanPipeline(object): def __init__(self): connection = pymongo.MongoClient(settings['MONGODB_SERVER'], settings['MONGODB_PORT']) db = connection[settings['MONGODB_DB']] self.collection = db[settings['MONGODB_COLLECTION']] def process_item(self, item, spider): #Remove invalid data valid = True for data in item: if not data: valid = False raise DropItem("Missing %s of blogpost from %s" %(data, item['url'])) if valid: #Insert data into database new_moive=[{ "name":item['name'][0], "year":item['year'][0], "score":item['score'], "director":item['director'], "classification":item['classification'], "actor":item['actor'] }] self.collection.insert(new_moive) log.msg("Item wrote to MongoDB database %s/%s" % (settings['MONGODB_DB'], settings['MONGODB_COLLECTION']), level=log.DEBUG, spider=spider) return item
利用Pipeline我们可以完成以下操作：
- 清理HTML数据，验证爬取的数据。
- 丢弃重复的不必要的内容。
- 将爬取的结果进行持久化操作。
- 修改settings.py文件对项目进行配置。 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Scrapy settings for douban project # # For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or # commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation: # # https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html # https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html # https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html BOT_NAME = 'douban' SPIDER_MODULES = ['douban.spiders'] NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'douban.spiders' # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_3) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.54 Safari/536.5' # Obey robots.txt rules ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16) # CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0) # See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay # See also autothrottle settings and docs DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3 RANDOMIZE_DOWNLOAD_DELAY = True # The download delay setting will honor only one of: # CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16 # CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16 # Disable cookies (enabled by default) COOKIES_ENABLED = True MONGODB_SERVER = '120.77.222.217' MONGODB_PORT = 27017 MONGODB_DB = 'douban' MONGODB_COLLECTION = 'movie' # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default) # TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False # Override the default request headers: # DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = { # 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8', # 'Accept-Language': 'en', # } # Enable or disable spider middlewares # See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html # SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = { # 'douban.middlewares.DoubanSpiderMiddleware': 543, # } # Enable or disable downloader middlewares # See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html # DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { # 'douban.middlewares.DoubanDownloaderMiddleware': 543, # } # Enable or disable extensions # See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html # EXTENSIONS = { # 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None, # } # Configure item pipelines # See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html ITEM_PIPELINES = { 'douban.pipelines.DoubanPipeline': 400, } LOG_LEVEL = 'DEBUG' # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default) # See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html #AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True # The initial download delay #AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5 # The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies #AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60 # The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to # each remote server #AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0 # Enable showing throttling stats for every response received: #AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default) # See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0 HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache' HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = [] HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'
