今天介绍一个同门师兄开发的 Python 模块:pyfastx,用于快速随机访问基因组序列文件。作品发表在生信顶刊上,必须强行安利一波。
师兄任职于成都大学,专注于生物信息学研究,是真正的Too maker
。
Pyfastx: a robust python module for fast random access to sequences from plain and gzipped FASTA/Q file 文章地址:https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbaa368 代码地址:https://github.com/lmdu/pyfastx
模块的使用文档非常详细,感兴趣的朋友可以直接到 pyfastx 官网查看使用说明。
本文仅作抛砖引玉,首先我们来看一下 pyfastx 的特点。
- 一个接口同时满足 FASTA/Q 文件读写需求
- 轻量级、内存节约
- 随机访问压缩的 FASTA/Q 文件
- 逐条迭代读取 FASTA 文件
- 计算 FASTA 文件的 N50 和 L50
- 计算序列的 GC 含量和核酸组成
- 计算反向互补序列
- 良好的兼容性,支持分析非标准的 FASTA 文件
- 支持 FASTQ 文件的碱基质量值转换
- 提供命令行接口用于拆分 FASTA/Q 文件
功能很多,覆盖了平时序列文件操作的常见需求。Pyfastx 内部含有多个功能模块,比如:
- FASTX 接口,为迭代 Fasta/q 文件提供统一的接口
- FASTA 接口,迭代或随机访问 Fasta 文件
- FASTQ 接口 ,迭代或随机访问 Fastq 文件
- Fasta 类,封装好的 Fasta 文件类
- Fastq 类,封装好的 Fastq 文件类
- Sequence 类,提供 Fasta 记录的常用操作
- Read 类,提供 Fastq 记录的常用操作
安装
目前,pyfastx 支持 Python 3.5 以上的版本,通过pip
即可安装。
pip install pyfastx
FASTX 模块
FASTA 文件迭代
迭代 Fasta 文件时,返回一个元组(name, seq, comment
),其中 comment 是标题栏第一个空格后面的内容。
>>> fa = pyfastx.Fastx('tests/data/test.fa.gz')
>>> for name,seq,comment in fa:
>>> print(name)
>>> print(seq)
>>> print(comment)
>>> #always output uppercase sequence
>>> for item in pyfastx.Fastx('tests/data/test.fa', uppercase=True):
>>> print(item)
>>> #Manually specify sequence format
>>> for item in pyfastx.Fastx('tests/data/test.fa', format="fasta"):
>>> print(item)
FASTQ 文件迭代
迭代 Fastq 文件时,返回一个元组(name, seq, qual, comment
),其中 comment 是标题栏第一个空格后面的内容。
>>> fq = pyfastx.Fastx('tests/data/test.fq.gz')
>>> for name,seq,qual,comment in fq:
>>> print(name)
>>> print(seq)
>>> print(qual)
>>> print(comment)
FASTA 模块
读取 Fasta 文件,并且支持随机访问其中的任意序列。
这里要说明一下顺序迭代和随机读取的区别。顺序迭代顾名思义就是从一个文件的开始逐条记录往后读,直至最后一条记录。
随机读取就是能够直接访问指定的序列,不需要从头读到尾。怎么实现呢?一般是先要为序列建立索引,pyfastx 也不例外。
FASTA 文件读取
代码语言:javascript复制>>> import pyfastx
>>> fa = pyfastx.Fasta('test/data/test.fa.gz')
>>> fa
<Fasta> test/data/test.fa.gz contains 211 seqs
FASTA 文件迭代
Fasta 文件中每条序列最重要的就是名称和序列信息了,这两个信息可以方便地通过迭代返回。
代码语言:javascript复制>>> import pyfastx
>>> for name, seq in pyfastx.Fasta('test/data/test.fa.gz', build_index=False):
>>> print(name, seq)
此外也可以直接返回 FASTA 对象。
代码语言:javascript复制>>> import pyfastx
>>> for seq in pyfastx.Fasta('test/data/test.fa.gz'):
>>> print(seq.name)
>>> print(seq.seq)
>>> print(seq.description)
FASTA 类
FASTA 对象有许多属性和方法可供使用,如计算 GC 含量、计算 N50/L50、提取任意序列等。
以提取指定序列为例,FASTA 不仅可以提取指定序列,还可以指定序列的某一区间。
代码语言:javascript复制>>> # get subsequence with start and end position
>>> interval = (1, 10)
>>> fa.fetch('JZ822577.1', interval)
'CTCTAGAGAT'
>>> # get subsequences with a list of start and end position
>>> intervals = [(1, 10), (50, 60)]
>>> fa.fetch('JZ822577.1', intervals)
'CTCTAGAGATTTTAGTTTGAC'
>>> # get subsequences with reverse strand
>>> fa.fetch('JZ822577.1', (1, 10), strand='-')
'ATCTCTAGAG'
当然,FASTA 对象还有更加花式的序列提取方式。
代码语言:javascript复制>>> # get sequence like a dictionary by identifier
>>> s1 = fa['JZ822577.1']
>>> s1
<Sequence> JZ822577.1 with length of 333
>>> # get sequence like a list by index
>>> s2 = fa[2]
>>> s2
<Sequence> JZ822579.1 with length of 176
>>> # get last sequence
>>> s3 = fa[-1]
>>> s3
<Sequence> JZ840318.1 with length of 134
>>> # check a sequence name weather in FASTA file
>>> 'JZ822577.1' in fa
True
Sequence 类
FASTA 文件的记录,被封装成 Sequence 类,为操作 FASTA 文件的记录提供接口。例如,你可以对它进行切片。
代码语言:javascript复制>>> # get a sub seq from sequence
>>> s = fa[-1]
>>> ss = s[10:30]
>>> ss
<Sequence> JZ840318.1 from 11 to 30
>>> ss.name
'JZ840318.1:11-30'
>>> ss.seq
'CTTCTTCCTGTGGAAAGTAA'
>>> ss = s[-10:]
>>> ss
<Sequence> JZ840318.1 from 125 to 134
>>> ss.name
'JZ840318.1:125-134'
>>> ss.seq
'CCATGTTGGT'
或者对 Sequence 进行反向、互补或反向互补。
代码语言:javascript复制>>> # get sliced sequence
>>> fa[0][10:20].seq
'GTCAATTTCC'
>>> # get reverse of sliced sequence
>>> fa[0][10:20].reverse
'CCTTTAACTG'
>>> # get complement of sliced sequence
>>> fa[0][10:20].complement
'CAGTTAAAGG'
>>> # get reversed complement sequence, corresponding to sequence in antisense strand
>>> fa[0][10:20].antisense
'GGAAATTGAC'
FASTQ 模块
FASTQ 文件读取
读取 Fastq 文件,并支持随机访问,前提是先要构建索引。
代码语言:javascript复制>>> import pyfastx
>>> fq = pyfastx.Fastq('tests/data/test.fq.gz')
>>> fq
<Fastq> tests/data/test.fq.gz contains 100 reads
FASTQ 文件迭代
Fastq 每一条记录有 4 行,其中 comment 通常总为
号,因此有价值的是name, seq, qual
三项信息。
>>> import pyfastx
>>> for name,seq,qual in pyfastx.Fastq('tests/data/test.fq.gz', build_index=False):
>>> print(name)
>>> print(seq)
>>> print(qual)
也可以直接返回 FASTQ 对象。
代码语言:javascript复制>>> import pyfastx
>>> for read in pyfastx.Fastq('test/data/test.fq.gz'):
>>> print(read.name)
>>> print(read.seq)
>>> print(read.qual)
>>> print(read.quali)
FASTQ 类
FASTQ 类封装了 Fastq 文件,为 Fastq 文件常用操作提供方便的接口。
代码语言:javascript复制>>> # get read counts in FASTQ
>>> len(fq)
800
>>> # get total bases
>>> fq.size
120000
>>> # get GC content of FASTQ file
>>> fq.gc_content
66.17471313476562
>>> # get composition of bases in FASTQ
>>> fq.composition
{'A': 20501, 'C': 39705, 'G': 39704, 'T': 20089, 'N': 1}
>>> # New in pyfastx 0.6.10
>>> # get average length of reads
>>> fq.avglen
150.0
>>> # get maximum lenth of reads
>>> fq.maxlen
150
>>> # get minimum length of reas
>>> fq.minlen
150
>>> # get maximum quality score
>>> fq.maxqual
70
>>> # get minimum quality score
>>> fq.minqual
35
>>> # get phred which affects the quality score conversion
>>> fq.phred
33
>>> # Guess fastq quality encoding system
>>> # New in pyfastx 0.4.1
>>> fq.encoding_type
['Sanger Phred 33', 'Illumina 1.8 Phred 33']
Read 类
FASTQ 文件的每一条记录是一个 read,Read 类为操作 Fastq 记录提供了接口。
获取 Read 对象
代码语言:javascript复制>>> #get read like a dict by read name
>>> r1 = fq['A00129:183:H77K2DMXX:1:1101:4752:1047']
>>> r1
<Read> A00129:183:H77K2DMXX:1:1101:4752:1047 with length of 150
>>> # get read like a list by index
>>> r2 = fq[10]
>>> r2
<Read> A00129:183:H77K2DMXX:1:1101:18041:1078 with length of 150
>>> # get the last read
>>> r3 = fq[-1]
>>> r3
<Read> A00129:183:H77K2DMXX:1:1101:31575:4726 with length of 150
>>> # check a read weather in FASTQ file
>>> 'A00129:183:H77K2DMXX:1:1101:4752:1047' in fq
True
获取 Read 对象的信息。
代码语言:javascript复制>>> r = fq[-10]
>>> r
<Read> A00129:183:H77K2DMXX:1:1101:1750:4711 with length of 150
>>> # get read order number in FASTQ file
>>> r.id
791
>>> # get read name
>>> r.name
'A00129:183:H77K2DMXX:1:1101:1750:4711'
>>> # get read full header line, New in pyfastx 0.6.3
>>> r.description
'@A00129:183:H77K2DMXX:1:1101:1750:4711 1:N:0:CAATGGAA CGAGGCTG'
>>> # get read length
>>> len(r)
150
>>> # get read sequence
>>> r.seq
'CGAGGAAATCGACGTCACCGATCTGGAAGCCCTGCGCGCCCATCTCAACCAGAAATGGGGTGGCCAGCGCGGCAAGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGTTCCTGGTCCGCGCCATGGTCGTGGCGCTGCGCGACTTCCCGCAGTTGAACGCGCGCTA'
>>> # get raw string of read, New in pyfastx 0.6.3
>>> print(r.raw)
@A00129:183:H77K2DMXX:1:1101:1750:4711 1:N:0:CAATGGAA CGAGGCTG
CGAGGAAATCGACGTCACCGATCTGGAAGCCCTGCGCGCCCATCTCAACCAGAAATGGGGTGGCCAGCGCGGCAAGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGTTCCTGGTCCGCGCCATGGTCGTGGCGCTGCGCGACTTCCCGCAGTTGAACGCGCGCTA
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF:FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF:FF,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF,F:FFFFFFFFF:
>>> # get read quality ascii string
>>> r.qual
'FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF:FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF:FF,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF,F:FFFFFFFFF:'
>>> # get read quality integer value, ascii - 33 or 64
>>> r.quali
[37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 25, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 25, 37, 37, 11, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 11, 37, 25, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 25]
>>> # get read length
>>> len(r)
150
命令行接口
代码语言:javascript复制$ pyfastx -h
usage: pyfastx COMMAND [OPTIONS]
A command line tool for FASTA/Q file manipulation
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v, --version show program's version number and exit
Commands:
index build index for fasta/q file
stat show detailed statistics information of fasta/q file
split split fasta/q file into multiple files
fq2fa convert fastq file to fasta file
subseq get subsequences from fasta file by region
sample randomly sample sequences from fasta or fastq file
extract extract full sequences or reads from fasta/q file
Pyfastx 还提供了额外接口,方便在命令行下直接操作 Fasta/q 文件。好了,鉴于时间和篇幅有限,这部分大家自行探索吧。
最后,Pyfastx 虽然已经发表文章,但还在持续维护更新。希望大家多多使用,有什么建议可以跟作者反馈。
好的工具和用户是共同成长的,祝大家科研顺利。