1.threadLocal
本地线程变量,在每个线程会独立开辟内存空间。
在高并发先不要使用。
代码语言:javascript复制private static ThreadLocal local = new ThreadLocal();
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(()->{
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
local.set("A");
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() " " local.get());
},"线程 1").start();
new Thread(()->{
local.set("B");
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() " " local.get());
},"线程 2").start();
System.out.println("main " local.get());
}
2.ArrayList、Vector、CopyOnWriteArrayList
这里三个容器,ArrayList、vector和CopyOnwriteArrayList
从测试结果中可以看出:ArrayList不是线程安全,会进行很多重复的操作,致使在所有线程运行完后,大小达不到10000,而Vector是线程安全的,不会出现重复读,重复写的问题,而copyOnWriterArrayList呢,是读快,写慢,因为他写的时候要进行复制,大大拉低了效率;
代码语言:javascript复制 public static void main(String[] args) {
// List<String> list1 = new ArrayList<>();// 耗时:12 大小:9754
// Vector<String> list1 = new Vector<>(); // 耗时:10 大小:10000
List<String> list1 = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>(); // 写耗时:75 写大小:10000 读耗时:22
Thread[] threads = new Thread[100];
Random r = new Random();
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i ) {
threads[i] = new Thread(()->{
for (int j = 0; j < 100; j ) {
int i1 = r.nextInt(10000);
list1.add("A" i1);
;
}
});
}
long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (Thread thread : threads) {
thread.start();
}
for (Thread thread : threads) {
try {
thread.join();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("大小 " list1.size());
System.out.println("耗时:" (end - time));
Thread[] threads2 = new Thread[100];
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i ) {
threads2[i] = new Thread(()->{
for (int j = 0; j < 10000; j ) {
list1.get(j);
}
});
}
long time2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (Thread thread : threads2) {
thread.start();
}
for (Thread thread : threads2) {
try {
thread.join();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("耗时:" (System.currentTimeMillis() - time2));
}
Collections提供了一个方法synchronizedList可以将非线程安全的容器转换为线程安全的容器,看它的实现就是在方法上加了一个synchronized关键字,但是使用iterator的时候就不行了,因为他调用的还是List本身的迭代器,没有做同步处理,所以在这种情况下要手动上锁;注意:我们常使用的增加for也是利用了迭代器。
代码语言:javascript复制List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
List<String> strings = Collections.synchronizedList(list);
Synchronized 和Vecotr最主要的区别:
- vector扩容为原来的2倍长度,ArrayList扩容为原来的1.5倍
- synchronized有很好的扩展和兼容功能,它可以将所有的list的子类转成线程安全的类
- 使用synchronizedList的时候,进行遍历需要手动进行同步处理
- synchronizedlist可以指定锁定的对象
3.map相关并发容器
代码语言:javascript复制public static void main(String[] args) {
// Map<String, String> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); // 302
// Map<String, String> map = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>(); // 358
// Map<String, String> map = new Hashtable<>(); // 400
Map<String, String> m = new HashMap<>();
Map<String, String> map = Collections.synchronizedMap(m); // 465
Random random = new Random();
Thread[] threads = new Thread[100];
CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(threads.length);
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < threads.length; i ) {
threads[i] = new Thread(()->{
for(int j=0; j<10000;j ) {
map.put("a" random.nextInt(100000), "a" random.nextInt(100000));
// map1.put("a" random.nextInt(100000), "a" random.nextInt(100000));
}
latch.countDown();
});
}
Arrays.asList(threads).forEach(t->t.start());
try {
latch.await();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println(end-start);
}
hashMap | hashTable | concurrentHashMap | |
---|---|---|---|
key/value = null | 可以存储null键,nullvalue | key和value都不能存储 | key和value都不能存储 |
初始容量 | 16 | 11 | 16 |
线程安全 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
效率 | 高 | < concurrentHashMap | >hashTable |
ConcurrentSkipListMap 和上面不同,他的实现方式不一样,且key是有序的,支持更高的并发,存取是是log(N),和线程数无关,线程越多越能体现出优势。
4.ConcurrentLinkedQueue
模拟场景:1000张票,10个售票窗口
代码语言:javascript复制public class ThreadContainer2 {
private static List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>();
private Integer tickets = 100;
public synchronized void sall(){
if (tickets > 0) {
list.add(tickets--);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() " sall " tickets);
}
}
public Integer getTicket(){
return tickets;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ThreadContainer2 t = new ThreadContainer2();
System.out.println("开始售票。。。");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i ) {
new Thread(()->{
while (true) {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
t.sall();
}
},"售票口 " (i 1)).start();
}
}
}
使用ConcurrentLinkedQueue来实现看看:
代码语言:javascript复制private static Queue<Integer> list = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Integer>();
static{
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i ) {
list.add(i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i ) {
new Thread(()->{
while (true) {
// 这个方法是线程安全的
Integer poll = list.poll();
if (poll == null) {
break;
}
// 就算多个线程都同时来到这里,因为上一个代码是线程安全的,所以就算来到这,也是空
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() " ticket " poll);
}
}," 售票口 " i).start();
}
}
代码简化了,没有之前的那种复杂
这个容器比较有用的方法:
代码语言:javascript复制ConcurrentLinkedQueue queue = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i ) {
queue.add("a" i);
}
System.out.println("容器" queue.size());
System.out.println("poll取值:" queue.poll());
System.out.println("poll 取值后的容器" queue.size());
System.out.println("peek取值:" queue.peek());
System.out.println("peek取值后的容量:" queue.size());
这个容器多用于生产者和消费者问题
offer(e) // 队列可以放入,则返回true,不能返回false
poll() // 取不到数据,返回null,取到的对象会被丢弃
peek() //和poll一样,但是取出的对象不会被丢弃
add() // 底层调用offer,不会抛出异常
5.BlockingQueue提供的方法
抛异常 | 特定值 | 阻塞 | 超时 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
插入 | add(E e) | offer(E e) | put(E e) | offer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) |
移除 | remove(Object o) | E poll() | take() | poll(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) |
offer(E e); // 队列可以放入,则返回true,不能返回false
offer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) // 指定时间内,还不能放入就返回false
E poll() // 取不到数据,返回null,取到的对象会被丢弃
poll(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) // 指定时间内,能取到数据就取队头,没有则返回异常
E peek() // 和poll一样,但是取出的对象不会被丢弃
5.1ArrayBlockingQueue
基于数组的有界队列,创建后无法改变容量
代码语言:javascript复制public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
BlockingQueue<String> strings = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(10);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i ) {
strings.put("a" i);
}
strings.add("aaaa");
strings.offer("aaaa",1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
System.out.println(strings);
}
5.2LinkedBlockingQeque
无界,最大长度为Integer.MAX_VALUE
代码语言:javascript复制public static void main(String[] args) {
BlockingQueue<Integer> queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
Thread[] threads = new Thread[1];
Thread[] threads2 = new Thread[10];
for (int i = 0; i < 1; i ) {
threads[i] = new Thread(()->{
// while (true) {
for (int j = 0; j < 100; j ) {
try {
queue.put(j);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// }
},"线程 " i);
}
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i ) {
threads2[i] = new Thread(()->{
while (true) {
try {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() " 获取 " queue.take());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
}
Arrays.asList(threads).forEach(a->a.start());
Arrays.asList(threads2).forEach(a->a.start());
}
5.3DelayQueue
队列中的元素需要实现Delayed接口,实现排序和延时的定义
代码语言:javascript复制public class ThreadContainer11 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
BlockingQueue<MyQ> queue = new DelayQueue<>();
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
MyQ m1 = new MyQ(start 1000,"延迟1秒");
MyQ m2 = new MyQ(start 2000,"延迟2秒");
MyQ m3 = new MyQ(start 3000,"延迟3秒");
MyQ m4 = new MyQ(start 4000,"延迟4秒");
MyQ m5 = new MyQ(start 5000,"延迟5秒");
queue.put(m1);
queue.put(m2);
queue.put(m3);
queue.put(m4);
queue.put(m5);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i ) {
System.out.println(queue.take().getName());
}
}
static class MyQ implements Delayed {
long time ;
String name;
public MyQ(long time,String name){
this.time = time;
this.name = name;
}
// 定义剩余到期时间
@Override
public long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) {
return time - System.currentTimeMillis();
}
// 定义排序规则
@Override
public int compareTo(Delayed o) {
if (this.getDelay(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS) < o.getDelay(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS)) {
return 1;
}else if(this.getDelay(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS) > o.getDelay(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS)){
return -1;
}else {
return 0;
}
}
public String getName(){
return name;
}
}
}
5.4LinkedTransferQueue
比其他队列多一个transfer ;使用transfer 的方式例如有多个消费者,和一个生产者,当存在消费者的情况下,他会将对象给消费者,不会放到队列里,再让消费取,比较快
代码语言:javascript复制public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
LinkedTransferQueue<String> queue = new LinkedTransferQueue<>();
Thread t1 = new Thread(()->{
try {
System.out.println("线程1 " queue.take());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
Thread t2 = new Thread(()->{
try {
System.out.println("线程2 " queue.take());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
t1.start();
t2.start();
queue.transfer("aaaaaa");
System.out.println(queue.size());
}
5.5 PriorityBlockingQueue
这个队列,会对放入的对象进行优先级排序,而优先级排序是有compareTo方法定义的,必须实现接口Comparable,但是他的排序只会将排序后的第一个放到队列第一个,其他仍是乱的
代码语言:javascript复制public class ThreadContainer8 implements Comparable {
private Integer i;
public ThreadContainer8(){}
public ThreadContainer8(Integer i) {
this.i = i;
}
@Override
public int compareTo(Object o) {
return i - ((ThreadContainer8) o).getI();
}
public Integer getI() {
return i;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
PriorityBlockingQueue<ThreadContainer8> q = new PriorityBlockingQueue();
Random r = new Random();
Thread[] threads = new Thread[10];
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i ) {
threads[i] = new Thread(()->{
for (int j = 0; j < 10; j ) {
q.put(new ThreadContainer8(r.nextInt(100)));
}
});
}
Arrays.asList(threads).forEach(t->t.start());
Arrays.asList(threads).forEach(t->
{
try {
t.join();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
);
q.forEach(e-> System.out.print(e.getI() " "));
System.out.println();
System.out.println("s=" q.peek().getI());
}
}
5.6 SynchronousQueue
同步队列;容量为1,放入一个就要消费掉,不要用add
代码语言:javascript复制public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
SynchronousQueue<Integer> queue = new SynchronousQueue<>();
// 报queue full异常
// for (int i = 0; i < 5; i ) {
// queue.add(i);
// }
System.out.println(queue.size());
Thread t1 = new Thread(()->{
try {
System.out.println("线程1 " queue.take());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
Thread t2 = new Thread(()->{
try {
System.out.println("线程2 " queue.take());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
t1.start();
t2.start();
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i ) {
queue.put(i);
}
}
总结:
名称 | 类名 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
List相关并发容器 | CopyOnWriteArrayList | 读快写慢;写前复制,写完替换 |
Map/Set相关并发容器 | ConcurrentHashMap | key和value都不能存储 |
ConcurrentSkipListMap | key和value都不能存储;key有序;它的存取时间log(N) | |
队列相关容器 | ConcurrentLinkedQeque | FIFO(先入先出);cas实现 |
ConcurrentLinkedDueue | 双向队列 | |
ArrayBlockingQueue | 有界队列,固定容量,不支持空元素 | |
DelayQueue | 提供过期时间功能;队列头是最接近过期的元素,没有过期元素则会取出null | |
LinkedBlockingQeque | 无界队列,最大是Integer.MAX_VALUE;添加删除不是互斥的 | |
LinkedBlockingDueue | 双向阻塞队列 | |
LinkedTransferQueue | 比其他队列多transfer方法,这个方法是会将元素给一个正在等待的消费者,不会放入队列,没有消费者则等待 | |
PriorityBlockingQueue | 放入对象必须实现Comparable接口,按compareTo实现方法,将优先级高的放在第一个,其他对象无序 | |
SynchronousQueue | 容量为1,即时消费,提供了put的阻塞方法,底层使用transfer |