- System architecture is a formal tool used to design computer systems in a manner that ensures each of the stakeholders’ concerns is addressed.
- A system’s architecture is made up of different views, which are representations of system components and their relationships. Each view addresses a different aspect of the system (functionality, performance, interoperability, security).
- ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 is an international standard that outlines how system architecture frameworks and their description languages are to be used.
- A CPU contains a control unit, which controls the timing of the execution of instructions and data, and an ALU, which performs mathematical functions and logical operations.
- Memory managers use various memory protection mechanisms, as in base (beginning) and limit (ending) addressing, address space layout randomization, and data execution prevention.
- Operating systems use absolute (hardware addresses), logical (indexed addresses), and relative address (indexed addresses, including offsets) memory schemes.
- Buffer overflow vulnerabilities are best addressed by implementing bounds checking.
- A garbage collector is a software tool that releases unused memory segments to help prevent “memory starvation.”
- Different processor families work within different microarchitectures to execute specific instruction sets.
- Early operating systems were considered “monolithic” because all of the code worked within one layer and ran in kernel mode, and components communicated in an ad hoc manner.
- Operating systems can work within the following architectures: monolithic kernel, layered, microkernel, or hybrid kernel.
- Mode transition is when a CPU has to switch from executing one process’s instructions running in user mode to another process’s instructions running in kernel mode.
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