ROS联合webots实战案例(三)在webots中使用ROS控制小机器人[1]

2021-02-07 10:22:49 浏览数 (1)

在webots中使用ROS控制小机器人

注意:

  • 再学习本系列教程时,应该已经安装过ROS了并且需要有一些ROS的基本知识,本章节代码过长

博客地址:https://blog.csdn.net/xiaokai1999

webots版本:2020b rev1

ros版本:melodic

1.从官方案例入手了解基本结构

  1. 我们找一篇篇幅较短的代码,比如官方提供的 keyboard_teleop.cpp 我们先跑一下这个例程看看:$ roslaunch webots_ros keyboard_teleop.launch
  2. 分别按方向键可以实现机器人的移动,运行后的效果: 1.gif1.gif
  3. 肯定会有同学会好奇,webots中的传感器或者电机是怎么通过ros获取或者控制的呢? 我们需要注意到webots在机器人控制上可以使用5种语言来控制,分别为c、c 、java、python和matlab 通过向导->新机器人控制器可以查看,打开后点击下一步界面如下: 1.jpg1.jpg 但是如果使用ROS控制的话,我们不需要创建,因为官方帮我们写好了底层的控制器代码,我们直接使用就行。
  4. 在案例弹出的webots软件场景树中,可以看到如下: 2.jpg2.jpg 其中有两个关键的参数:controller:选择控制器

3.jpg3.jpg controllerArgs:控制器参数属性,如果在同一个场景中有多台使用ros控制器的机器人,配置这个参数进行区分 5. 配置完后重新运行可以看到webots已经成功连接上了ros:4.jpg4.jpg 6. 在终端分别运行rostopic list rosservice list可以看到所有关于传感器的函数都已经发布了 5.jpg5.jpg 看到这里其实大家都已经知道webots和ros是怎么运行的了。 7. 大家也可以通过ros的一些基本命令对topic或service进行查看

2.从官方案例入手了解基本源码

接下来看一下官方给的keyboard_teleop.cpp代码:

在下面的代码中我会进行注释,如遇到关键点我会标明序号,到代码下面找到对应序号查看#include "ros/ros.h"// webots_ros的一些数据服务1 #include <webots_ros/Int32Stamped.h> #include <webots_ros/set_float.h> #include <webots_ros/set_int.h> #include <webots_ros/robot_get_device_list.h>#include <std_msgs/String.h>#include <signal.h> #include <stdio.h>#define TIME_STEP 32 // 连接控制器所需的变量 static int controllerCount; static std::vector<std::string> controllerList; static std::string controllerName; // 机器人左右轮位置传感器 static double lposition = 0; static double rposition = 0; // 左轮服务客户端 ros::ServiceClient leftWheelClient; webots_ros::set_float leftWheelSrv; // 右轮服务客户端 ros::ServiceClient rightWheelClient; webots_ros::set_float rightWheelSrv; // 时限服务客户端 ros::ServiceClient timeStepClient; webots_ros::set_int timeStepSrv; // 键盘服务客户端 ros::ServiceClient enableKeyboardClient; webots_ros::set_int enableKeyboardSrv;// 获取在ROS网络中可获得的控制器的名称 void controllerNameCallback(const std_msgs::String::ConstPtr &name) { controllerCount ; controllerList.push_back(name->data); ROS_INFO("Controller #%d: %s.", controllerCount, controllerList.back().c_str()); }// 当用户在控制台中按下ctrl c 返回的函数 void quit(int sig) { enableKeyboardSrv.request.value = 0; enableKeyboardClient.call(enableKeyboardSrv); timeStepSrv.request.value = 0; timeStepClient.call(timeStepSrv); ROS_INFO("User stopped the 'keyboard_teleop' node."); ros::shutdown(); exit(0); } // 键盘返回函数 void keyboardCallback(const webots_ros::Int32Stamped::ConstPtr &value) { int key = value->data; int send = 0; switch (key) { //方向键左键 case 314: lposition = -0.2; rposition = 0.2; send = 1; break; //方向键右键 case 316: lposition = 0.2; rposition = -0.2; send = 1; break; //方向键上键 case 315: lposition = 0.2; rposition = 0.2; send = 1; break; //方向键下键 case 317: lposition = -0.2; rposition = -0.2; send = 1; break; case 312: ROS_INFO("END."); quit(-1); break; default: send = 0; break; } leftWheelSrv.request.value = lposition; rightWheelSrv.request.value = rposition; if (send) { // 判断service服务是否成功发送 if (!leftWheelClient.call(leftWheelSrv) || !rightWheelClient.call(rightWheelSrv) || !leftWheelSrv.response.success || !rightWheelSrv.response.success) ROS_ERROR("Failed to send new position commands to the robot."); } return; }int main(int argc, char **argv) { // 在ROS网络上创建一个名称为‘keyboard_teleop’节点 ros::init(argc, argv, "keyboard_teleop", ros::init_options::AnonymousName); ros::NodeHandle n; // SIGNAL 具体可参考unix下信号2 signal(SIGINT, quit); // 订阅model_name话题获取可用控制器的列表 ros::Subscriber nameSub = n.subscribe("model_name", 100, controllerNameCallback); while (controllerCount == 0 || controllerCount < nameSub.getNumPublishers()) { ros::spinOnce(); ros::Duration(0.5).sleep(); } ros::spinOnce(); // 如果存在大于一个控制器,需要让用户选择控制器 if (controllerCount == 1) controllerName = controllerList0; else { int wantedController = 0; std::cout << "Choose the # of the controller you want to use:n"; std::cin >> wantedController; if (1 <= wantedController && wantedController <= controllerCount) controllerName = controllerListwantedController - 1; else { ROS_ERROR("Invalid number for controller choice."); return 1; } } nameSub.shutdown(); // 服务设置 leftWheelClient = n.serviceClient<webots_ros::set_float>(controllerName "/left_wheel/set_position"); rightWheelClient = n.serviceClient<webots_ros::set_float>(controllerName "/right_wheel/set_position"); timeStepClient = n.serviceClient<webots_ros::set_int>(controllerName "/robot/time_step"); timeStepSrv.request.value = TIME_STEP; enableKeyboardClient = n.serviceClient<webots_ros::set_int>(controllerName "/keyboard/enable"); enableKeyboardSrv.request.value = TIME_STEP; // 判断是否成功发送数据 if (enableKeyboardClient.call(enableKeyboardSrv) && enableKeyboardSrv.response.success) { ros::Subscriber sub_keyboard; sub_keyboard = n.subscribe(controllerName "/keyboard/key", 1, keyboardCallback); while (sub_keyboard.getNumPublishers() == 0) { } ROS_INFO("Keyboard enabled."); ROS_INFO("Use the arrows in Webots window to move the robot."); ROS_INFO("Press the End key to stop the node.");// main loop while (ros::ok()) { ros::spinOnce(); if (!timeStepClient.call(timeStepSrv) || !timeStepSrv.response.success) ROS_ERROR("Failed to call service time_step for next step."); } } else ROS_ERROR("Could not enable keyboard, success = %d.", enableKeyboardSrv.response.success); enableKeyboardSrv.request.value = 0; if (!enableKeyboardClient.call(enableKeyboardSrv) || !enableKeyboardSrv.response.success) ROS_ERROR("Could not disable keyboard, success = %d.", enableKeyboardSrv.response.success); timeStepSrv.request.value = 0; timeStepClient.call(timeStepSrv); ros::shutdown(); return (0); }

1

这个表格描述了ROS和Webots设备之间的服务

service name

service definition

get_bool

bool ask --- bool value

get_float

bool ask --- float64 value

get_float_array

bool ask --- float64[] values

get_int

bool ask --- int32 value

get_string

bool ask --- string value

get_uint64

bool ask --- uint64 value

set_bool

bool value --- bool success

set_float

float64 value --- bool success

set_float_array

float64[] values --- bool success

set_int

int32 value --- bool success

set_string

string value --- bool success

2

因为这个不是我们具体的内容,想了解的同学可以看:

Unix信号详解(Signal的信号说明)

3.控制前配置

  1. 创建功能包$ cd ~/.catkin_ws/src $ catkin_create_pkg webots_demo std_msgs rospy roscpp sensor_msgs$ cd ~/.catkin_ws $ catkin_makecmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.3) project(webots_demo) find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS roscpp rospy std_msgs sensor_msgs message_generation) ####################################### ## Declare ROS messages and services ## ####################################### ## Generate messages in the 'msg' folder add_message_files( FILES BoolStamped.msg Float64Stamped.msg Int32Stamped.msg Int8Stamped.msg RadarTarget.msg RecognitionObject.msg StringStamped.msg ) ## Generate services in the 'srv' folder add_service_files( FILES camera_get_focus_info.srv camera_get_info.srv camera_get_zoom_info.srv display_draw_line.srv display_draw_oval.srv display_draw_pixel.srv display_draw_polygon.srv display_draw_rectangle.srv display_draw_text.srv display_get_info.srv display_image_copy.srv display_image_delete.srv display_image_load.srv display_image_new.srv display_image_paste.srv display_image_save.srv display_set_font.srv field_get_bool.srv field_get_color.srv field_get_count.srv field_get_float.srv field_get_int32.srv field_get_node.srv field_get_rotation.srv field_get_string.srv field_get_type.srv field_get_type_name.srv field_get_vec2f.srv field_get_vec3f.srv field_import_node.srv field_import_node_from_string.srv field_remove_node.srv field_remove.srv field_set_bool.srv field_set_color.srv field_set_float.srv field_set_int32.srv field_set_rotation.srv field_set_string.srv field_set_vec2f.srv field_set_vec3f.srv get_bool.srv get_float_array.srv get_float.srv get_int.srv get_string.srv get_uint64.srv get_urdf.srv gps_decimal_degrees_to_degrees_minutes_seconds.srv lidar_get_frequency_info.srv lidar_get_info.srv lidar_get_layer_point_cloud.srv lidar_get_layer_range_image.srv motor_set_control_pid.srv mouse_get_state.srv node_add_force_or_torque.srv node_add_force_with_offset.srv node_get_center_of_mass.srv node_get_contact_point.srv node_get_field.srv node_get_id.srv node_get_number_of_contact_points.srv node_get_name.srv node_get_orientation.srv node_get_parent_node.srv node_get_position.srv node_get_static_balance.srv node_get_status.srv node_get_type.srv node_get_velocity.srv node_remove.srv node_reset_functions.srv node_move_viewpoint.srv node_set_visibility.srv node_set_velocity.srv pen_set_ink_color.srv range_finder_get_info.srv receiver_get_emitter_direction.srv robot_get_device_list.srv robot_set_mode.srv robot_wait_for_user_input_event.srv save_image.srv set_bool.srv set_float.srv set_float_array.srv set_int.srv set_string.srv skin_get_bone_name.srv skin_get_bone_orientation.srv skin_get_bone_position.srv skin_set_bone_orientation.srv skin_set_bone_position.srv speaker_is_sound_playing.srv speaker_speak.srv speaker_play_sound.srv supervisor_get_from_def.srv supervisor_get_from_id.srv supervisor_movie_start_recording.srv supervisor_set_label.srv supervisor_virtual_reality_headset_get_orientation.srv supervisor_virtual_reality_headset_get_position.srv ) ## Generate added messages and services with any dependencies listed here generate_messages( DEPENDENCIES std_msgs sensor_msgs ) ################################### ## catkin specific configuration ## ################################### catkin_package( CATKIN_DEPENDS roscpp rospy std_msgs sensor_msgs message_runtime ) ########### ## Build ## ########### include_directories( ${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS} ) ## Instructions for keyboard_teleop node ############# ## Install ## #############<build_depend>message_generation</build_depend> <exec_depend>message_runtime</exec_depend>
  2. 编译功能包
  3. 移植webots_ros的srv和msg文件夹 进入/usr/local/webots/projects/default/controllers/ros/include/文件夹下面的srvmsg文件夹复制刚刚创建的webots_demo功能包内
  4. 配置CMakeList.txt文件
  5. 配置package.xml文件,添加:
  6. webots_demo功能包内创建worlds文件夹,并且将第二章创建的机器人地图放在worlds文件夹中,方便我们直接调用。
  7. 修改webots中机器人控制器: 6.jpg6.jpg
  8. webots_demo功能包内创建launch文件夹,并且创建一个名为webots.launch的launch文件,代码如下 (因为笔者之前在单独开启webots后,即使成功连接上了ros网络,但是依旧无法控制,使用launch文件可以解决这个问题)<?xml version="1.0"?> <launch> <!-- 启动webots --> <arg name="no-gui" default="false," doc="Start Webots with minimal GUI"/> <include file="$(find webots_ros)/launch/webots.launch"> <arg name="mode" value="realtime"/> <arg name="no-gui" value="$(arg no-gui)"/> <arg name="world" value="$(find webots_demo)/worlds/webots_map.wbt"/> </include> </launch>4.编写键盘控制机器人的程序#include <signal.h> #include <std_msgs/String.h> #include "ros/ros.h" #include <webots_ros/set_float.h> #include <webots_ros/set_int.h> #include <webots_ros/Int32Stamped.h> using namespace std; #define TIME_STEP 32 //时钟 #define NMOTORS 2 //电机数量 #define MAX_SPEED 2.0 //电机最大速度 ros::NodeHandle *n; static int controllerCount; static vector<string> controllerList; ros::ServiceClient timeStepClient; //时钟通讯客户端 webots_ros::set_int timeStepSrv; //时钟服务数据 ros::ServiceClient set_velocity_client; //速度设置客户端 webots_ros::set_float set_velocity_srv; //速度设置数据 ros::ServiceClient set_position_client; //位置设置客户端 webots_ros::set_float set_position_srv; //位置设置数据 double speeds[NMOTORS]={0.0,0.0}; //电机速度值 0~100 // 匹配电机名 static const char *motorNames[NMOTORS] ={"left_motor", "right_motor"}; /******************************************************* * Function name :updateSpeed * Description :将速度请求以set_float的形式发送给set_velocity_srv * Parameter :无 * Return :无 **********************************************************/ void updateSpeed() { for (int i = 0; i < NMOTORS; i) { // 更新速度 set_velocity_client = n->serviceClient<webots_ros::set_float>(string("/robot/") string(motorNames[i]) string("/set_velocity")); set_velocity_srv.request.value = -speeds[i]; set_velocity_client.call(set_velocity_srv); } } /******************************************************* * Function name :controllerNameCallback * Description :控制器名回调函数,获取当前ROS存在的机器人控制器 * Parameter : @name 控制器名 * Return :无 **********************************************************/ void controllerNameCallback(const std_msgs::String::ConstPtr &name) { controllerCount ; controllerList.push_back(name->data);//将控制器名加入到列表中 ROS_INFO("Controller #%d: %s.", controllerCount, controllerList.back().c_str()); } /******************************************************* * Function name :quit * Description :退出函数 * Parameter : @sig 信号 * Return :无 **********************************************************/ void quit(int sig) { ROS_INFO("User stopped the '/robot' node."); timeStepSrv.request.value = 0; timeStepClient.call(timeStepSrv); ros::shutdown(); exit(0); } /******************************************************* * Function name :键盘返回函数 * Description :当键盘动作,就会进入此函数内 * Parameter : @value 返回的值 * Return :无 **********************************************************/ void keyboardDataCallback(const webots_ros::Int32Stamped::ConstPtr &value) { // 发送控制变量 int send =0; //ROS_INFO("sub keyboard value = %d",value->data); switch (value->data) { // 左转 case 314: speeds[0] = 5.0; speeds[1] = -5.0; send=1; break; // 前进 case 315: speeds[0] = 5.0; speeds[1] = 5.0; send=1; break; // 右转 case 316: speeds[0] = -5.0; speeds[1] = 5.0; send=1; break; // 后退 case 317: speeds[0] = -5.0; speeds[1] = -5.0; send=1; break; // 停止 case 32: speeds[0] = 0; speeds[1] = 0; send=1; break; default: send=0; break; } //当接收到信息时才会更新速度值 if (send) { updateSpeed(); send=0; } } int main(int argc, char **argv) { setlocale(LC_ALL, ""); // 用于显示中文字符 string controllerName; // 在ROS网络中创建一个名为robot_init的节点 ros::init(argc, argv, "robot_init", ros::init_options::AnonymousName); n = new ros::NodeHandle; // 截取退出信号 signal(SIGINT, quit); // 订阅webots中所有可用的model_name ros::Subscriber nameSub = n->subscribe("model_name", 100, controllerNameCallback); while (controllerCount == 0 || controllerCount < nameSub.getNumPublishers()) { ros::spinOnce(); ros::spinOnce(); ros::spinOnce(); } ros::spinOnce(); // 服务订阅time_step和webots保持同步 timeStepClient = n->serviceClient<webots_ros::set_int>("robot/robot/time_step"); timeStepSrv.request.value = TIME_STEP; // 如果在webots中有多个控制器的话,需要让用户选择一个控制器 if (controllerCount == 1) controllerName = controllerList[0]; else { int wantedController = 0; cout << "Choose the # of the controller you want to use:n"; cin >> wantedController; if (1 <= wantedController && wantedController <= controllerCount) controllerName = controllerList[wantedController - 1]; else { ROS_ERROR("Invalid number for controller choice."); return 1; } } ROS_INFO("Using controller: '%s'", controllerName.c_str()); // 退出主题,因为已经不重要了 nameSub.shutdown(); //初始化电机 for (int i = 0; i < NMOTORS; i) { // position速度控制时设置为缺省值INFINITY set_position_client = n->serviceClient<webots_ros::set_float>(string("/robot/") string(motorNames[i]) string("/set_position")); set_position_srv.request.value = INFINITY; if (set_position_client.call(set_position_srv) && set_position_srv.response.success) ROS_INFO("Position set to INFINITY for motor %s.", motorNames[i]); else ROS_ERROR("Failed to call service set_position on motor %s.", motorNames[i]); // velocity初始速度设置为0 set_velocity_client = n->serviceClient<webots_ros::set_float>(string("/robot/") string(motorNames[i]) string("/set_velocity")); set_velocity_srv.request.value = 0.0; if (set_velocity_client.call(set_velocity_srv) && set_velocity_srv.response.success == 1) ROS_INFO("Velocity set to 0.0 for motor %s.", motorNames[i]); else ROS_ERROR("Failed to call service set_velocity on motor %s.", motorNames[i]); } // 服务订阅键盘 ros::ServiceClient keyboardEnableClient; webots_ros::set_int keyboardEnablesrv; keyboardEnableClient = n->serviceClient<webots_ros::set_int>("/robot/keyboard/enable"); keyboardEnablesrv.request.value = TIME_STEP; if (keyboardEnableClient.call(keyboardEnablesrv) && keyboardEnablesrv.response.success) { ros::Subscriber keyboardSub; keyboardSub = n->subscribe("/robot/keyboard/key",1,keyboardDataCallback); while (keyboardSub.getNumPublishers() == 0) {} ROS_INFO("Keyboard enabled."); ROS_INFO("control directions:"); ROS_INFO(" ↑ "); ROS_INFO("← ↓ →"); ROS_INFO("stop:space"); ROS_INFO("Use the arrows in Webots window to move the robot."); ROS_INFO("Press the End key to stop the node."); while (ros::ok()) { ros::spinOnce(); if (!timeStepClient.call(timeStepSrv) || !timeStepSrv.response.success) { ROS_ERROR("Failed to call service time_step for next step."); break; } ros::spinOnce(); } } else ROS_ERROR("Could not enable keyboard, success = %d.", keyboardEnablesrv.response.success); //退出时时钟清零 timeStepSrv.request.value = 0; timeStepClient.call(timeStepSrv); ros::shutdown(); return 0; }

5.最后

  1. 配置CMakeList.txt,在最下面添加:add_executable(velocity_keyboard src/velocity_keyboard.cpp) add_dependencies(velocity_keyboard webots_ros_generate_messages_cpp) target_link_libraries(velocity_keyboard ${catkin_LIBRARIES})$ cd ~/.catkin_ws $ catkin_make$ roslaunch webots_demo webots.launch$ rosrun webots_demo velocity_keyboard
  2. 编译功能包
  3. 运行launch文件,可能不会那么快可以TAB出来,打进去一样可以运行
  4. 运行编写好的代码
  5. 效果undefined2.gif2.gif

结语

本文也是基于笔者的学习和使用经验总结的,主观性较强,如果有哪些不对的地方或者不明白的地方,欢迎评论区留言交流~

用手柄控制机器人的操作会单独写个文档发出来哦~~

下一节加入雷达试试吧。

✌Bye

0 人点赞