长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)是一类真核生物中长度大于200nt的非编码RNA分子。根据其与邻近基因的位置可以分为反义lncRNA、增强子lncRNA、基因间lncRNA、双向lncRNA、和内含子lncRNA。它具有多种生物学功能,比如在细胞核中作为分子支架、协助可变剪接、调节染色体结构,或在细胞质中调控翻译、促进或抑制mRNA降解、吸附miRNA(作为ceRNA)等。lncRNA参与调控基因组印记、干细胞多潜能分化、胚胎发育[1]、心脏发育[2]、造血与免疫系统[3]以及内分泌系统[4]等多种生物生理学过程。在一系列疾病,比如神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病[5]、肾脏疾病、糖尿病和肿瘤[6]中,都发现了lncRNA的表达异常。检测不同细胞或疾病状态下的lncRNA表达量有助于理解其功能、揭示其作用机理、或鉴定有效的分子标志物。
具体的lncRNA的结构,产生和生物学功能可以参考下面这个视频
参考文献
[1] Fatica A, Bozzoni I. Long non-coding RNAs: new players in cell differentiation and development. Nature reviews Genetics 2014;15:7-21.
[2] Devaux Y, Zangrando J, Schroen B, Creemers EE, Pedrazzini T, Chang CP, et al. Long noncoding RNAs in cardiac development and ageing. Nature reviews Cardiology 2015;12:415-25.
[3] Satpathy AT, Chang HY. Long noncoding RNA in hematopoiesis and immunity. Immunity 2015;42:792-804.
[4] Knoll M, Lodish HF, Sun L. Long non-coding RNAs as regulators of the endocrine system. Nature reviews Endocrinology 2015;11:151-60.
[5] Lorenzen JM, Thum T. Long noncoding RNAs in kidney and cardiovascular diseases. Nature reviews Nephrology 2016;12:360-73.
[6] Schmitt AM, Chang HY. Long Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Pathways. Cancer cell 2016;29:452-63.