Python中的logging模块可以让你跟踪代码运行时的事件,当程序崩溃时可以查看日志并且发现是什么引发了错误。Log信息有内置的层级——调试(debugging)、信息(informational)、警告(warnings)、错误(error)和严重错误(critical)。你也可以在logging中包含traceback信息。不管是小项目还是大项目,都推荐在Python程序中使用logging。本文给大家介绍python 日志 logging模块 介绍。
1 基本使用
配置logging基本的设置,然后在控制台输出日志,
代码语言:javascript复制import logging
logging.basicConfig(level = logging.INFO,format = '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")
运行时,控制台输出,
2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 – __main__ – INFO – Start print log 2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 – __main__ – WARNING – Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 – __main__ – INFO – Finish
logging中可以选择很多消息级别,如debug、info、warning、error以及critical。通过赋予logger或者handler不同的级别,开发者就可以只输出错误信息到特定的记录文件,或者在调试时只记录调试信息。 例如,我们将logger的级别改为DEBUG,再观察一下输出结果,
logging.basicConfig(level = logging.DEBUG,format = ‘%(asctime)s – %(name)s – %(levelname)s – %(message)s’)
控制台输出,可以发现,输出了debug的信息。
2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 – __main__ – INFO – Start print log 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 – __main__ – DEBUG – Do something 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 – __main__ – WARNING – Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 – __main__ – INFO – Finish
logging.basicConfig函数各参数: filename:指定日志文件名; filemode:和file函数意义相同,指定日志文件的打开模式,’w’或者’a’; format:指定输出的格式和内容,format可以输出很多有用的信息,
参数:作用
%(levelno)s:打印日志级别的数值 %(levelname)s:打印日志级别的名称 %(pathname)s:打印当前执行程序的路径,其实就是sys.argv[0] %(filename)s:打印当前执行程序名 %(funcName)s:打印日志的当前函数 %(lineno)d:打印日志的当前行号 %(asctime)s:打印日志的时间 %(thread)d:打印线程ID %(threadName)s:打印线程名称 %(process)d:打印进程ID %(message)s:打印日志信息 datefmt:指定时间格式,同time.strftime(); level:设置日志级别,默认为logging.WARNNING; stream:指定将日志的输出流,可以指定输出到sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件,默认输出到sys.stderr,当stream和filename同时指定时,stream被忽略;
2 将日志写入到文件
2.2.1 将日志写入到文件
设置logging,创建一个FileHandler,并对输出消息的格式进行设置,将其添加到logger,然后将日志写入到指定的文件中,
代码语言:javascript复制import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")
log.txt中日志数据为,
2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 – __main__ – INFO – Start print log 2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 – __main__ – WARNING – Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 – __main__ – INFO – Finish
2.2 将日志同时输出到屏幕和日志文件
logger中添加StreamHandler,可以将日志输出到屏幕上,
代码语言:javascript复制import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")
可以在log.txt文件和控制台中看到,
2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 – __main__ – INFO – Start print log 2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 – __main__ – WARNING – Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 – __main__ – INFO – Finish
可以发现,logging有一个日志处理的主对象,其他处理方式都是通过addHandler添加进去,logging中包含的handler主要有如下几种,
handler名称:位置;作用
StreamHandler:logging.StreamHandler;日志输出到流,可以是sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件 FileHandler:logging.FileHandler;日志输出到文件 BaseRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.BaseRotatingHandler;基本的日志回滚方式 RotatingHandler:logging.handlers.RotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,支持日志文件最大数量和日志文件回滚 TimeRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.TimeRotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,在一定时间区域内回滚日志文件 SocketHandler:logging.handlers.SocketHandler;远程输出日志到TCP/IP sockets DatagramHandler:logging.handlers.DatagramHandler;远程输出日志到UDP sockets SMTPHandler:logging.handlers.SMTPHandler;远程输出日志到邮件地址 SysLogHandler:logging.handlers.SysLogHandler;日志输出到syslog NTEventLogHandler:logging.handlers.NTEventLogHandler;远程输出日志到Windows NT/2000/XP的事件日志 MemoryHandler:logging.handlers.MemoryHandler;日志输出到内存中的指定buffer HTTPHandler:logging.handlers.HTTPHandler;通过”GET”或者”POST”远程输出到HTTP服务器
2.3 日志回滚
使用RotatingFileHandler,可以实现日志回滚,
代码语言:javascript复制import logging
from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
#定义一个RotatingFileHandler,最多备份3个日志文件,每个日志文件最大1K
rHandler = RotatingFileHandler("log.txt",maxBytes = 1*1024,backupCount = 3)
rHandler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
rHandler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
console.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(rHandler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")
可以在工程目录中看到,备份的日志文件,
2016/10/09 19:36 732 log.txt 2016/10/09 19:36 967 log.txt.1 2016/10/09 19:36 985 log.txt.2 2016/10/09 19:36 976 log.txt.3
2.3 设置消息的等级
可以设置不同的日志等级,用于控制日志的输出, 日志等级:使用范围 FATAL:致命错误 CRITICAL:特别糟糕的事情,如内存耗尽、磁盘空间为空,一般很少使用 ERROR:发生错误时,如IO操作失败或者连接问题 WARNING:发生很重要的事件,但是并不是错误时,如用户登录密码错误 INFO:处理请求或者状态变化等日常事务 DEBUG:调试过程中使用DEBUG等级,如算法中每个循环的中间状态
2.4 捕获traceback
Python中的traceback模块被用于跟踪异常返回信息,可以在logging中记录下traceback, 代码,
代码语言:javascript复制import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
try:
open("sklearn.txt","rb")
except (SystemExit,KeyboardInterrupt):
raise
except Exception:
logger.error("Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error",exc_info = True)
logger.info("Finish")
控制台和日志文件log.txt中输出,
代码语言:javascript复制Start print log
Something maybe fail.
Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "G:zhb7627CodeEclipse WorkSpacePythonTesttest.py", line 23, in <module
open("sklearn.txt","rb")
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'sklearn.txt'
Finish
也可以使用logger.exception(msg,_args),它等价于logger.error(msg,exc_info = True,_args), 将
logger.error("Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error",exc_info = True)
替换为,
logger.exception("Failed to open sklearn.txt from logger.exception")
控制台和日志文件log.txt中输出,
代码语言:javascript复制Start print log
Something maybe fail.
Failed to open sklearn.txt from logger.exception
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "G:zhb7627CodeEclipse WorkSpacePythonTesttest.py", line 23, in <module
open("sklearn.txt","rb")
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'sklearn.txt'
Finish
2.5 多模块使用logging
主模块mainModule.py,
代码语言:javascript复制import logging
import subModule
logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule")
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
console.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info("creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass")
a = subModule.SubModuleClass()
logger.info("calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")
a.doSomething()
logger.info("done with subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")
logger.info("calling subModule.some_function")
subModule.som_function()
logger.info("done with subModule.some_function")
子模块subModule.py,
代码语言:javascript复制import logging
module_logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub")
class SubModuleClass(object):
def __init__(self):
self.logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub.module")
self.logger.info("creating an instance in SubModuleClass")
def doSomething(self):
self.logger.info("do something in SubModule")
a = []
a.append(1)
self.logger.debug("list a = " str(a))
self.logger.info("finish something in SubModuleClass")
def som_function():
module_logger.info("call function some_function")
执行之后,在控制和日志文件log.txt中输出,
2016-10-09 20:25:42,276 – mainModule – INFO – creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 – mainModule.sub.module – INFO – creating an instance in SubModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 – mainModule – INFO – calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 – mainModule.sub.module – INFO – do something in SubModule 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 – mainModule.sub.module – INFO – finish something in SubModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 – mainModule – INFO – done with subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 – mainModule – INFO – calling subModule.some_function 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 – mainModule.sub – INFO – call function some_function 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 – mainModule – INFO – done with subModule.some_function
首先在主模块定义了logger’mainModule’,并对它进行了配置,就可以在解释器进程里面的其他地方通过getLogger(‘mainModule’)得到的对象都是一样的,不需要重新配置,可以直接使用。定义的该logger的子logger,都可以共享父logger的定义和配置,所谓的父子logger是通过命名来识别,任意以’mainModule’开头的logger都是它的子logger,例如’mainModule.sub’。 实际开发一个application,首先可以通过logging配置文件编写好这个application所对应的配置,可以生成一个根logger,如’PythonAPP’,然后在主函数中通过fileConfig加载logging配置,接着在application的其他地方、不同的模块中,可以使用根logger的子logger,如’PythonAPP.Core’,’PythonAPP.Web’来进行log,而不需要反复的定义和配置各个模块的logger。
3 通过JSON或者YAML文件配置logging模块
尽管可以在Python代码中配置logging,但是这样并不够灵活,最好的方法是使用一个配置文件来配置。在Python 2.7及以后的版本中,可以从字典中加载logging配置,也就意味着可以通过JSON或者YAML文件加载日志的配置。
3.1 通过JSON文件配置
JSON配置文件,
代码语言:javascript复制{
"version":1,
"disable_existing_loggers":false,
"formatters":{
"simple":{
"format":"%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
}
},
"handlers":{
"console":{
"class":"logging.StreamHandler",
"level":"DEBUG",
"formatter":"simple",
"stream":"ext://sys.stdout"
},
"info_file_handler":{
"class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler",
"level":"INFO",
"formatter":"simple",
"filename":"info.log",
"maxBytes":"10485760",
"backupCount":20,
"encoding":"utf8"
},
"error_file_handler":{
"class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler",
"level":"ERROR",
"formatter":"simple",
"filename":"errors.log",
"maxBytes":10485760,
"backupCount":20,
"encoding":"utf8"
}
},
"loggers":{
"my_module":{
"level":"ERROR",
"handlers":["info_file_handler"],
"propagate":"no"
}
},
"root":{
"level":"INFO",
"handlers":["console","info_file_handler","error_file_handler"]
}
}
通过JSON加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging,
代码语言:javascript复制import json
import logging.config
import os
def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):
path = default_path
value = os.getenv(env_key,None)
if value:
path = value
if os.path.exists(path):
with open(path,"r") as f:
config = json.load(f)
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
else:
logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)
def func():
logging.info("start func")
logging.info("exec func")
logging.info("end func")
if __name__ == "__main__":
setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json")
func()
3.2 通过YAML文件配置
通过YAML文件进行配置,比JSON看起来更加简介明了,
代码语言:javascript复制version: 1
disable_existing_loggers: False
formatters:
simple:
format: "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
handlers:
console:
class: logging.StreamHandler
level: DEBUG
formatter: simple
stream: ext://sys.stdout
info_file_handler:
class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler
level: INFO
formatter: simple
filename: info.log
maxBytes: 10485760
backupCount: 20
encoding: utf8
error_file_handler:
class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler
level: ERROR
formatter: simple
filename: errors.log
maxBytes: 10485760
backupCount: 20
encoding: utf8
loggers:
my_module:
level: ERROR
handlers: [info_file_handler]
propagate: no
root:
level: INFO
handlers: [console,info_file_handler,error_file_handler]
通过YAML加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging,
代码语言:javascript复制import yaml
import logging.config
import os
def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):
path = default_path
value = os.getenv(env_key,None)
if value:
path = value
if os.path.exists(path):
with open(path,"r") as f:
config = yaml.load(f)
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
else:
logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)
def func():
logging.info("start func")
logging.info("exec func")
logging.info("end func")
if __name__ == "__main__":
setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml")
func()
到此这篇关于python 日志 logging模块 详细解析的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关python logging模块内容请搜索ZaLou.Cn以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持ZaLou.Cn!