最近家庭添了新成员，在家休陪产假，一边照顾家属，一边继续opengl的学习，精神很难集中，只有等晚上家人都睡着了，才能静下心来揣摩知识点，加油吧，opengl系列快结束了。
这一篇一开始感觉不太好理解，多看几遍就好了。还剩一个点没有理解透，有时间回头再来看todo。
一、原理
1.1 为什么要用法线贴图
为了增加渲染的真实感，图片纹理对每个片段增加法线，渲染时根据不同的法线计算独立的光照效果。
使用法线贴图
很明显，左边的图片就是硬邦邦的渲染上去，右边的图片增加了法线贴图，效果更好。很好理解，至少砖的缝隙中法线不是垂直墙面的，还有每一块砖的面并不是平的。
法线是无规则变化的
1.2 法线贴图的基本使用
网上很多教程都是用了这张图，和之前的深度缓存类似，用一张图片缓存来存储法线，r g b分别代表法线向量的三个分量值。法线向量的范围是[-1, 1]，r g b的范围是[0, 1]，存储时需要映射到[0,1]，这里不用纠结，就是方便处理。
代码语言：javascript复制vec3 rgb_normal = normal * 0.5 0.5; // 从 [-1,1] 转换至 [0,1]
法线贴图
得到法线后，计算光照夹角和普通的光照没有分别，还是分别计算环境光、漫反射、镜面反射等。
1.3 问题来了
法线纹理和纹理图片发生错位
图片纹理不可能一直是平铺在地面上，移动到其他平面怎么办呢？有两种办法，1）制作各种维度的法线纹理(6个面)；2）生成一个矩阵，可以动态计算法线纹理的变化 显然通过矩阵运算动态计算纹理的变化比较合适
问题继续~~~ 算出来这个矩阵，还有两个选择：1）我们可以将法线纹理转换到图片纹理的坐标系中；2）使用该矩阵的逆矩阵，将光照变量转换到切向空间。 两种方式差不多，按教程说，选择第二种方式，效率更高，因为计算量集中在顶点着色器中，实际渲染时，顶点着色器的计算次数比颜色着色器少很多。
该矩阵叫TBN矩阵，切线空间即TBN矩阵代表的空间
TBN矩阵向量 TBN矩阵， T 和 B分别与法线纹理贴图的x y 轴对齐(理论上其他的也可以，默认选择x y 轴对齐)，N即法线纹理贴图的向上垂直向量。
这里不详细记录TBN的计算了，参考教程，一步步推导就明白了
TBN的计算涉及几个线性代数中矩阵变换的计算，详细参看教程learnopengl
三、代码说明
3.1最重要的，在主程序中生成TBN矩阵
这里的代码做了两次TBN的计算，打日志看了下，其实是一样的，也可能在复杂的场景下，计算出来不一样呢？？
代码语言：javascript复制// positions
glm::vec3 pos1(-1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glm::vec3 pos2(-1.0, -1.0, 0.0);
glm::vec3 pos3(1.0, -1.0, 0.0);
glm::vec3 pos4(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
// texture coordinates
glm::vec2 uv1(0.0, 1.0);
glm::vec2 uv2(0.0, 0.0);
glm::vec2 uv3(1.0, 0.0);
glm::vec2 uv4(1.0, 1.0);
// normal vector
glm::vec3 nm(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
// calculate tangent/bitangent vectors of both triangles
glm::vec3 tangent1, bitangent1;
glm::vec3 tangent2, bitangent2;
// - triangle 1
glm::vec3 edge1 = pos2 - pos1;
glm::vec3 edge2 = pos3 - pos1;
glm::vec2 deltaUV1 = uv2 - uv1;
glm::vec2 deltaUV2 = uv3 - uv1;
float f = 1.0f / (deltaUV1.x * deltaUV2.y - deltaUV2.x * deltaUV1.y);
tangent1.x = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.x - deltaUV1.y * edge2.x);
tangent1.y = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.y - deltaUV1.y * edge2.y);
tangent1.z = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.z - deltaUV1.y * edge2.z);
tangent1 = glm::normalize(tangent1);
bitangent1.x = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.x deltaUV1.x * edge2.x);
bitangent1.y = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.y deltaUV1.x * edge2.y);
bitangent1.z = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.z deltaUV1.x * edge2.z);
bitangent1 = glm::normalize(bitangent1);
// - triangle 2
edge1 = pos3 - pos1;
edge2 = pos4 - pos1;
deltaUV1 = uv3 - uv1;
deltaUV2 = uv4 - uv1;
f = 1.0f / (deltaUV1.x * deltaUV2.y - deltaUV2.x * deltaUV1.y);
tangent2.x = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.x - deltaUV1.y * edge2.x);
tangent2.y = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.y - deltaUV1.y * edge2.y);
tangent2.z = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.z - deltaUV1.y * edge2.z);
tangent2 = glm::normalize(tangent2);
bitangent2.x = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.x deltaUV1.x * edge2.x);
bitangent2.y = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.y deltaUV1.x * edge2.y);
bitangent2.z = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.z deltaUV1.x * edge2.z);
bitangent2 = glm::normalize(bitangent2);3.2 着色器编写，参考文末完整代码
todo:这里有一点没太明白，为了方便计算，将TBN处理成标准正交矩阵，逆=转置，转置的计算量比逆要小很多。这个没问题，不好理解的是，强行把T改变了(方向和大小)，最后光照变换过来位置不能一一对应吧？
可能是为了计算方便，允许一点误差？？？
代码语言：javascript复制void main()
{
vs_out.FragPos = vec3(model * vec4(aPos, 1.0));
vs_out.TexCoords = aTexCoords;
mat3 normalMatrix = transpose(inverse(mat3(model)));
vec3 T = normalize(normalMatrix * aTangent);
vec3 N = normalize(normalMatrix * aNormal);
T = normalize(T - dot(T, N) * N);
vec3 B = cross(N, T);
if (dot(cross(N, T), B) < 0.0)
{
T = T * -1.0;
}
mat3 TBN = transpose(mat3(T, B, N));
vs_out.TangentLightPos = TBN * lightPos;
vs_out.TangentViewPos = TBN * viewPos;
vs_out.TangentFragPos = TBN * vs_out.FragPos;
gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}剩下就是普通的加载顶点、纹理、渲染的流程了，不做赘述，参看完整代码.
四、完整代码
顶点着色器，和教程最后的实现略不同，没有TBN的优化的代码，重在理解主要逻辑
代码语言：javascript复制#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 normal;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 texCoords;
layout (location = 3) in vec3 tangent;
layout (location = 4) in vec3 bitangent;
out VS_OUT {
vec3 FragPos;
vec2 TexCoords;
vec3 TangentLightPos;
vec3 TangentViewPos;
vec3 TangentFragPos;
} vs_out;
uniform mat4 projection;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
void main()
{
gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(position, 1.0f);
vs_out.FragPos = vec3(model * vec4(position, 1.0));
vs_out.TexCoords = texCoords;
mat3 normalMatrix = transpose(inverse(mat3(model)));
vec3 T = normalize(normalMatrix * tangent);
vec3 B = normalize(normalMatrix * bitangent);
vec3 N = normalize(normalMatrix * normal);
mat3 TBN = transpose(mat3(T, B, N));
vs_out.TangentLightPos = TBN * lightPos;
vs_out.TangentViewPos = TBN * viewPos;
vs_out.TangentFragPos = TBN * vs_out.FragPos;
}颜色着色器
代码语言：javascript复制#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in VS_OUT {
vec3 FragPos;
vec2 TexCoords;
vec3 TangentLightPos;
vec3 TangentViewPos;
vec3 TangentFragPos;
} fs_in;
uniform sampler2D diffuseMap;
uniform sampler2D normalMap;
uniform bool normalMapping;
void main()
{
vec3 normal = texture(normalMap, fs_in.TexCoords).rgb;
normal = normalize(normal * 2.0 - 1.0);
vec3 color = texture(diffuseMap, fs_in.TexCoords).rgb;
vec3 ambient = 0.1 * color;
vec3 lightDir = normalize(fs_in.TangentLightPos - fs_in.TangentFragPos);
float diff = max(dot(lightDir, normal), 0.0);
vec3 diffuse = diff * color;
vec3 viewDir = normalize(fs_in.TangentViewPos - fs_in.TangentFragPos);
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
vec3 halfwayDir = normalize(lightDir viewDir);
float spec = pow(max(dot(normal, halfwayDir), 0.0), 32.0);
vec3 specular = vec3(0.2) * spec;
FragColor = vec4(ambient diffuse specular, 1.0f);
}主程序
代码语言：javascript复制#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include "Shader.h"
#include "camera.h"
#include "model.h"
#include <iostream>
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char *path);
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<std::string> faces);
void renderScene (const Shader &shader);
void renderCube();
void RenderQuad();
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
bool blinn = false;
bool blinnKeyPressed = false;
bool gammaEnabled = true;
bool gammaKeyPressed = false;
// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0;
float lastY = (float)SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0;
bool firstMouse = true;
// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
unsigned int planeVAO;
unsigned int planeVBO;
unsigned int woodTexture;
int main()
{
// glfw: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
// glfw window creation
// --------------------
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "天哥学opengl", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
// tell GLFW to capture our mouse
// glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
// ---------------------------------------
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK ,GL_LINE );
// configure global opengl state
// -----------------------------
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
// glEnable(GL_BLEND);
// glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
// build and compile shaders
// -------------------------
Shader shader("1.colors.vs", "1.colors.fs");
unsigned int diffuseMap = loadTexture("resource/brickwall.jpg");
unsigned int normalMap = loadTexture("resource/brickwall_normal.jpg");
shader.use();
shader.setInt("diffuseMap", 0);
shader.setInt("normalMap", 1);
glm::vec3 lightPos(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.3f);
// render loop
// -----------
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
lastFrame = currentFrame;
processInput(window);
glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
shader.use();
// reset viewport
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
shader.use();
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(camera.Zoom, (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
shader.setMat4("projection", projection);
shader.setMat4("view", view);
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
// model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime() * -10, glm::normalize(glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0))); // Rotates the quad to show normal mapping works in all directions
shader.setMat4("model", model);
shader.setVec3("lightPos", lightPos);
shader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, diffuseMap);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, normalMap);
RenderQuad();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, lightPos);
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.1f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
RenderQuad();
// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool startRecord = false;
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_B) == GLFW_PRESS && !gammaKeyPressed)
{
gammaEnabled = !gammaEnabled;
gammaKeyPressed = true;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_B) == GLFW_RELEASE)
{
gammaKeyPressed = false;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_Y))
{
std::cout << "Y" << std::endl;
startRecord = true;
firstMouse = true;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_N))
{
std::cout << "N" << std::endl;
startRecord = false;
}
if (startRecord) {
return;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}
// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and
// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
// std::cout << "xpos : " << xpos << std::endl;
// std::cout << "ypos : " << ypos << std::endl;
if (startRecord) {
return;
}
if (firstMouse)
{
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
firstMouse = false;
}
float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
// std::cout << "xoffset : " << xoffset << std::endl;
// std::cout << "yoffset : " << yoffset << std::endl;
camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}
// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
// ---------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadTexture(char const * path)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
int width, height, nrComponents;
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
if (data)
{
GLenum format;
if (nrComponents == 1)
format = GL_RED;
else if (nrComponents == 3)
format = GL_RGB;
else if (nrComponents == 4)
format = GL_RGBA;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
return textureID;
}
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<std::string> faces)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, textureID);
int width, height, nrChannels;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < faces.size(); i ) {
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(faces[i].c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
if (data)
{
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X i, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Cubemap texture failed to load at path: " << faces[i] << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
}
return textureID;
}
void renderScene(const Shader &shader)
{
// room cube
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(5.0f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE); // note that we disable culling here since we render 'inside' the cube instead of the usual 'outside' which throws off the normal culling methods.
shader.setInt("reverse_normals", 1); // A small little hack to invert normals when drawing cube from the inside so lighting still works.
renderCube();
shader.setInt("reverse_normals", 0); // and of course disable it
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
// cubes
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(4.0f, -3.5f, 0.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 3.0f, 1.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.75f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-3.0f, -1.0f, 0.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 1.0f, 1.5));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 2.0f, -3.0));
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(60.0f), glm::normalize(glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0)));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.75f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
}
// renderCube() renders a 1x1 3D cube in NDC.
// -------------------------------------------------
unsigned int cubeVAO = 0;
unsigned int cubeVBO = 0;
void renderCube()
{
// initialize (if necessary)
if (cubeVAO == 0)
{
float vertices[] = {
// back face
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
// front face
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
// left face
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
// right face
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
// bottom face
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
// top face
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
1.0f, 1.0f , 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f // bottom-left
};
glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
// fill buffer
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// link vertex attributes
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
// render Cube
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
// RenderQuad() Renders a 1x1 quad in NDC
unsigned int quadVAO = 0;
unsigned int quadVBO;
void RenderQuad()
{
if (quadVAO == 0)
{
// positions
glm::vec3 pos1(-1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glm::vec3 pos2(-1.0, -1.0, 0.0);
glm::vec3 pos3(1.0, -1.0, 0.0);
glm::vec3 pos4(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
// texture coordinates
glm::vec2 uv1(0.0, 1.0);
glm::vec2 uv2(0.0, 0.0);
glm::vec2 uv3(1.0, 0.0);
glm::vec2 uv4(1.0, 1.0);
// normal vector
glm::vec3 nm(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
// calculate tangent/bitangent vectors of both triangles
glm::vec3 tangent1, bitangent1;
glm::vec3 tangent2, bitangent2;
// - triangle 1
glm::vec3 edge1 = pos2 - pos1;
glm::vec3 edge2 = pos3 - pos1;
glm::vec2 deltaUV1 = uv2 - uv1;
glm::vec2 deltaUV2 = uv3 - uv1;
float f = 1.0f / (deltaUV1.x * deltaUV2.y - deltaUV2.x * deltaUV1.y);
tangent1.x = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.x - deltaUV1.y * edge2.x);
tangent1.y = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.y - deltaUV1.y * edge2.y);
tangent1.z = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.z - deltaUV1.y * edge2.z);
tangent1 = glm::normalize(tangent1);
bitangent1.x = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.x deltaUV1.x * edge2.x);
bitangent1.y = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.y deltaUV1.x * edge2.y);
bitangent1.z = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.z deltaUV1.x * edge2.z);
bitangent1 = glm::normalize(bitangent1);
// - triangle 2
edge1 = pos3 - pos1;
edge2 = pos4 - pos1;
deltaUV1 = uv3 - uv1;
deltaUV2 = uv4 - uv1;
f = 1.0f / (deltaUV1.x * deltaUV2.y - deltaUV2.x * deltaUV1.y);
tangent2.x = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.x - deltaUV1.y * edge2.x);
tangent2.y = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.y - deltaUV1.y * edge2.y);
tangent2.z = f * (deltaUV2.y * edge1.z - deltaUV1.y * edge2.z);
tangent2 = glm::normalize(tangent2);
bitangent2.x = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.x deltaUV1.x * edge2.x);
bitangent2.y = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.y deltaUV1.x * edge2.y);
bitangent2.z = f * (-deltaUV2.x * edge1.z deltaUV1.x * edge2.z);
bitangent2 = glm::normalize(bitangent2);
float quadVertices[] = {
// Positions // normal // TexCoords // Tangent // Bitangent
pos1.x, pos1.y, pos1.z, nm.x, nm.y, nm.z, uv1.x, uv1.y, tangent1.x, tangent1.y, tangent1.z, bitangent1.x, bitangent1.y, bitangent1.z,
pos2.x, pos2.y, pos2.z, nm.x, nm.y, nm.z, uv2.x, uv2.y, tangent1.x, tangent1.y, tangent1.z, bitangent1.x, bitangent1.y, bitangent1.z,
pos3.x, pos3.y, pos3.z, nm.x, nm.y, nm.z, uv3.x, uv3.y, tangent1.x, tangent1.y, tangent1.z, bitangent1.x, bitangent1.y, bitangent1.z,
pos1.x, pos1.y, pos1.z, nm.x, nm.y, nm.z, uv1.x, uv1.y, tangent2.x, tangent2.y, tangent2.z, bitangent2.x, bitangent2.y, bitangent2.z,
pos3.x, pos3.y, pos3.z, nm.x, nm.y, nm.z, uv3.x, uv3.y, tangent2.x, tangent2.y, tangent2.z, bitangent2.x, bitangent2.y, bitangent2.z,
pos4.x, pos4.y, pos4.z, nm.x, nm.y, nm.z, uv4.x, uv4.y, tangent2.x, tangent2.y, tangent2.z, bitangent2.x, bitangent2.y, bitangent2.z
};
std::cout << "tangent1: " << tangent1.r << " " << tangent1.g << " " << tangent1.b << std::endl;
std::cout << "bitangent1: " << bitangent1.r << " " << bitangent1.g << " " << bitangent1.b << std::endl;
std::cout << "tangent2: " << tangent2.r << " " << tangent2.g << " " << tangent2.b << std::endl;
std::cout << "bitangent2: " << bitangent2.r << " " << bitangent2.g << " " << bitangent2.b << std::endl;
// std::cout << "tangent1: " << tangent1 << std::endl;
// std::cout << "tangent2: " << tangent2 << std::endl;
// Setup plane VAO
glGenVertexArrays(1, &quadVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &quadVBO);
glBindVertexArray(quadVAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, quadVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(quadVertices), &quadVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 14 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 14 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(3 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 14 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(6 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(3);
glVertexAttribPointer(3, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 14 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(8 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(4);
glVertexAttribPointer(4, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 14 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(11 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
}
glBindVertexArray(quadVAO);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
