Serverless 架构下如何实现日志的实时输出?

2020-08-07 17:23:33 浏览数 (1)

作者 | 刘宇

策划 | 田晓旭

Serverless 白皮书中曾描述过 Serverless 的一些缺点,例如难以调试、冷启动严重等等。其中难以调试是表现在多个方面的,有一个方面是日志输出。

当我们把 Serverless 架构应用于实际项目,就会发现调试成为了效率的重要影响因素。以日志输出为例,某个函数被触发之后未得到预期结果,大家第一想法就是查看日志,但这时输出的日志可能并未是我们想要的,而且云厂商输出日志的延时也非常高。

日志输出现状

以腾讯云云函数为例,我们可以看一下其日志输出情况:

  • 通过控制台或者是云 API 的 Invoke 接口触发云函数:

通过这个测试功能,可以很快获取到函数的结果,并查看日志信息。

  • 通过 API 网关、COS 等触发云函数,此处以 API 网关为例:

通过网关触发一个函数:

通过函数日志查看何时会刷出这个日志:

这个过程大概有 11S,通过代码来进行更加详细的测试:

代码语言:javascript复制
import json,time
from tencentcloud.common import credential
from tencentcloud.common.profile.client_profile import ClientProfile
from tencentcloud.common.profile.http_profile import HttpProfile
from tencentcloud.common.exception.tencent_cloud_sdk_exception import TencentCloudSDKException
from tencentcloud.scf.v20180416 import scf_client, models
try:
    cred = credential.Credential("", "")
    httpProfile = HttpProfile()
    httpProfile.endpoint = "scf.tencentcloudapi.com"

    clientProfile = ClientProfile()
    clientProfile.httpProfile = httpProfile
    client = scf_client.ScfClient(cred, "ap-guangzhou", clientProfile)

    req = models.InvokeRequest()
    params = '{"FunctionName":"test"}'
    req.from_json_string(params)

    resp = client.Invoke(req)
    functionRequestId = json.loads(resp.to_json_string())["Result"][ "FunctionRequestId"]

    print(time.time(), functionRequestId)

    while True:
        time.sleep(0.2)
        req = models.GetFunctionLogsRequest()
        params = '{"FunctionName":"test"}'
        req.from_json_string(params)

        resp = client.GetFunctionLogs(req)
        if functionRequestId in str(resp.to_json_string()):
            break

    print(time.time())


except TencentCloudSDKException as err:
    print(err)

输出结果:

代码语言:javascript复制
1584108001.141546 ee7243dd-6532-11ea-8bce-5254000c8aa4
1584108005.2496068

这次输出结果是 4S,再做一个多次调用的时间对比图:

代码语言:javascript复制
import json
import time
import numpy
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from tencentcloud.common import credential
from tencentcloud.common.profile.client_profile import ClientProfile
from tencentcloud.common.profile.http_profile import HttpProfile
from tencentcloud.common.exception.tencent_cloud_sdk_exception import TencentCloudSDKException
from tencentcloud.scf.v20180416 import scf_client, models

try:
    cred = credential.Credential("", "")
    httpProfile = HttpProfile()
    httpProfile.endpoint = "scf.tencentcloudapi.com"

    clientProfile = ClientProfile()
    clientProfile.httpProfile = httpProfile
    client = scf_client.ScfClient(cred, "ap-guangzhou", clientProfile)

    timeList = []
    for i in range(0, 100):
        req = models.InvokeRequest()
        params = '{"FunctionName":"test"}'
        req.from_json_string(params)

        resp = client.Invoke(req)
        functionRequestId = json.loads(resp.to_json_string())["Result"]["FunctionRequestId"]

        startTime = int(time.time())

        while True:
            time.sleep(0.2)
            req = models.GetFunctionLogsRequest()
            params = '{"FunctionName":"test"}'
            req.from_json_string(params)

            resp = client.GetFunctionLogs(req)
            if functionRequestId in str(resp.to_json_string()):
                break

        endTime = int(time.time())
        timeList.append(endTime - startTime)

    print("最大时间", int(max(timeList)))
    print("最小时间", int(min(timeList)))
    print("平均时间", int(numpy.mean(timeList)))

    plt.figure()
    plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
    x_data = range(0, len(timeList))
    plt.plot(x_data, timeList)
    plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
    plt.hist(timeList, bins=20)
    plt.show()


except TencentCloudSDKException as err:
    print(err)

这是比较差的一段代码,耗时很久,可以考虑加入队列,一方面多进程在队列面加入执行的 RequestId,一方面消费 RequestId,进入到获取 Logs 的对象中,速度可以大大提升。但是无论如何,运行结果如下:

代码语言:javascript复制
最大时间 31
最小时间 0
平均时间 17

通过这个结果,我们发现日志输出有两个问题:

  • 时间频率不固定,通过数据可以看到,快的话可能几秒就出结果,慢的话可能十几秒,二十几秒,甚至三十几秒;
  • 日志普遍输出速度很慢,会严重影响定位问题;

就目前的腾讯云 Serverless 架构而言,如果要在本地开发一个项目,并在本地进行了初步的调试,就算一切正常,也并不能保证在线上完全可用,尤其在复杂的触发器环境下以及复杂的对象复用、内网资源使用的前提下,本地调试的难度非常大,很难完整模拟出线上的环境。

以 API 网关触发器为例,当本地写完代码,调试完成部署线上,通过 API 网关触发一次,发现函数代码不能正常运行,这个时候的第一想法是什么?查看日志,看一下打印的日志有哪些问题,是不是通过日志可以判断出问题。很遗憾的告诉你,你可能要等几秒钟,十几秒钟,甚至二十几秒,三十秒。

自建日志输出功能

通过刚才的分析,我们可以知道,在线上触发函数的时候,日志入库的速度非常缓慢,而且极其不稳定,一定条件下会严重影响开发进度以及问题定位的进度。为了解决这个问题,我们可以通过 Serverless 架构,封装一套实时日志功能:

在这个操作过程中,主要使用一个 API 网关作为 Websocket 与客户端建立链接,三个函数(注册函数,上报函数,清理函数)与 API 搭配使用,存储桶作为部分资源的临时存储。

整个流程大概可以描述为:

  1. 客户端决定开启实时日志,并将要监控的函数信息(包括地域,命名空间,函数名)作为参数,与 API 网关建立 Websocket 链接;
  2. API 网关建立 Websocket 链接的时候,会触发注册函数,此时注册函数会将 RequestId(ConnectionId)与函数信息以 Key-Value 存储到对象存储中;
  3. 根据函数信息找到对应的函数,将回推地址以及 ConnectionId 写到函数环境变量中;
  4. 此时函数只要被触发,就会先读取环境变量,根据环境变量决定是否将函数日志上报到指定地址(即带着 connectionId 发送到回推地址);
  5. 上报函数收到业务函数传递过来的数据,将数据发送到指定的 ConnectionId 的客户端,实现实时日志的输出;
  6. 当客户端断开连接之后,会触发清理函数;
  7. 清理函数会清理掉业务函数中的回推地址和 ConnectionId 等信息,清理之后,业务函数再被触发,则会因为读取不到该参数,而不会上报数据;
  8. 将根据 RequestId(ConnectionId)从对象存储删除,至此完成一次日志实时输出功能;

由于腾讯云的 API 网关限制,所以该功能每次最长只能执行 900s,900s 之后需要重新执行该程序。

API 网关涉及到的三个函数:

  • 注册函数:主要用来完成数据存储和函数信息修改等操作,是用户建立链接时触发的函数; # -*- coding: utf8 -*- import json, os from qcloud_cos_v5 import CosConfig from qcloud_cos_v5 import CosS3Client from tencentcloud.common import credential from tencentcloud.scf.v20180416 import scf_client, models def setFunction2Bucket(name, namespace, secretId, secretKey, token, connid): region = os.environ.get("bucket_region") config = CosConfig(Region=region, SecretId=secretId, SecretKey=secretKey, Token=token) client = CosS3Client(config) response = client.put_object( Bucket=os.environ.get("bucket"), Body=json.dumps({ "region": region, "namespace": namespace, "function": name }).encode("utf-8"), Key=connid, EnableMD5=False ) return response def setFunctionConfigure(name, namespace, region, secreetId, secretKey, token, connid, transurl): try: environmentVariablesList = [ { "Key": "real_time_log_id", "Value": connid }, { "Key": "real_time_log_url", "Value": transurl }, { "Key": "real_time_log", "Value": "open" } ] cred = credential.Credential(secreetId, secretKey, token=token) client = scf_client.ScfClient(cred, region) req = models.GetFunctionRequest() req.from_json_string(json.dumps({"FunctionName": name, "Namespace": namespace, "ShowCode": "FALSE"})) resp = client.GetFunction(req) environmentVariables = json.loads(resp.to_json_string())["Environment"]["Variables"] for eveVariables in environmentVariables: if eveVariables["Key"] == "real_time_log_id" or eveVariables["Key"] == "real_time_log_url" or eveVariables["Key"] == "real_time_log": continue environmentVariablesList.append(eveVariables) req = models.UpdateFunctionConfigurationRequest() req.from_json_string(json.dumps({"FunctionName": name, "Environment": { "Variables": environmentVariablesList }, "Namespace": namespace})) client.UpdateFunctionConfiguration(req) setFunction2Bucket(name, namespace, secreetId, secretKey, token, connid) return True except Exception as e: print(e) return False def main_handler(event, context): print("event is: ", event) connectionID = event['websocket']['secConnectionID'] if not setFunctionConfigure( event['queryString']['name'], event['queryString']['namespace'], event['queryString']['region'], os.environ.get("TENCENTCLOUD_SECRETID"), os.environ.get("TENCENTCLOUD_SECRETKEY"), os.environ.get("TENCENTCLOUD_SESSIONTOKEN"), connectionID, os.environ.get("url") ): return False if 'requestContext' not in event.keys(): return {"errNo": 101, "errMsg": "not found request context"} if 'websocket' not in event.keys(): return {"errNo": 102, "errMsg": "not found web socket"} retmsg = {} retmsg['errNo'] = 0 retmsg['errMsg'] = "ok" retmsg['websocket'] = { "action": "connecting", "secConnectionID": connectionID } if "secWebSocketProtocol" in event['websocket'].keys(): retmsg['websocket']['secWebSocketProtocol'] = event['websocket']['secWebSocketProtocol'] if "secWebSocketExtensions" in event['websocket'].keys(): ext = event['websocket']['secWebSocketExtensions'] retext = [] exts = ext.split(";") print(exts) for e in exts: e = e.strip(" ") if e == "permessage-deflate": pass if e == "client_max_window_bits": pass retmsg['websocket']['secWebSocketExtensions'] = ";".join(retext) print("connecting: connection id:%s" % event['websocket']['secConnectionID']) return retmsg
  • 上报函数:用户开启实时日志成功之后,业务函数上报数据。 # -*- coding: utf8 -*- import os import json import requests def main_handler(event, context): try: print("event is: ", event) body = json.loads(event["body"]) url = os.environ.get("url") retmsg = {} retmsg['websocket'] = {} retmsg['websocket']['action'] = "data send" retmsg['websocket']['secConnectionID'] = body["coid"] retmsg['websocket']['dataType'] = 'text' retmsg['websocket']['data'] = body["data"] print(retmsg) requests.post(url, json=retmsg) return True except Exception as e: return False
  • 清理函数:客户端关闭链接时触发的函数,部分操作是注册函数的逆操作。 # -*- coding: utf8 -*- import json, os import requests from qcloud_cos_v5 import CosConfig from qcloud_cos_v5 import CosS3Client from tencentcloud.common import credential from tencentcloud.scf.v20180416 import scf_client, models def setFunctionConfigure(name, namespace, region, secreetId, secretKey, token): try: environmentVariablesList = [{ "Key": "real_time_log", "Value": "close" }] cred = credential.Credential(secreetId, secretKey, token=token) client = scf_client.ScfClient(cred, region) req = models.GetFunctionRequest() params = json.dumps({"FunctionName": name, "Namespace": namespace, "ShowCode": "FALSE"}) req.from_json_string(params) resp = client.GetFunction(req) environmentVariables = json.loads(resp.to_json_string())["Environment"]["Variables"] for eveVariables in environmentVariables: if eveVariables["Key"] == "real_time_log_id" or eveVariables["Key"] == "real_time_log_url" or eveVariables["Key"] == "real_time_log": continue environmentVariablesList.append(eveVariables) print(environmentVariablesList) req = models.UpdateFunctionConfigurationRequest() params = json.dumps({"FunctionName": name, "Environment": { "Variables": environmentVariablesList }, "Namespace": namespace}) req.from_json_string(params) resp = client.UpdateFunctionConfiguration(req) print(resp.to_json_string()) return True except Exception as e: print(e) return False def main_handler(event, context): print("event is: ", event) connectionID = event['websocket']['secConnectionID'] region = os.environ.get("bucket_region") secreetId = os.environ.get("TENCENTCLOUD_SECRETID") secretKey = os.environ.get("TENCENTCLOUD_SECRETKEY") token = os.environ.get("TENCENTCLOUD_SESSIONTOKEN") config = CosConfig(Region=region, SecretId=secreetId, SecretKey=secretKey, Token=token) client = CosS3Client(config) response = client.get_object( Bucket=os.environ.get("bucket"), Key=connectionID, ) response['Body'].get_stream_to_file('/tmp/connid.json') with open('/tmp/connid.json') as f: data = json.loads(f.read()) if not setFunctionConfigure( data["function"], data["namespace"], data["region"], secreetId, secretKey, token, ): return False retmsg = {} retmsg['websocket'] = {} retmsg['websocket']['action'] = "closing" retmsg['websocket']['secConnectionID'] = connectionID requests.post(os.environ.get("url"), json=retmsg) return retmsg

业务函数上报数据的逻辑,实际上就是修改常见组件的日志方法,以 Python 为例,例如重写print()方法以及logging组件:

重写print()

代码语言:javascript复制
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-

import os
import sys
import json
import urllib.parse
import urllib.request


def print(*args):
    url = os.environ.get("real_time_log_url")
    cid = os.environ.get("real_time_log_id")
    if url and cid and os.environ.get("real_time_log_id", None):
        try:
            retmsg = {
                "coid": cid,
                "data": " ".join([str(eveObject) for eveObject in args])
            }
            urllib.request.urlopen(
                urllib.request.Request(
                    url=url,
                    data=json.dumps(retmsg).encode("utf-8")
                )
            )
        except Exception as e:
            sys.stdout.write("Debug Error:"   str(e))
    sys.stdout.write("aaa"   " ".join([str(eveObject) for eveObject in args])   "n")

logging进行额外的处理,将文件中的log/info... 等接口增加上报逻辑,例如:

代码语言:javascript复制
def warning(msg, *args, **kwargs):
    """
    Log a message with severity 'WARNING' on the root logger. If the logger has
    no handlers, call basicConfig() to add a console handler with a pre-defined
    format.
    """
    realTimeLogs("WARNING %s %s"%(str(msg), " ".join([str(eveObject) for eveObject in args])))
    if len(root.handlers) == 0:
        basicConfig()
    root.warning(msg, *args, **kwargs)

上报逻辑:

代码语言:javascript复制
def realTimeLogs(data):
    url = os.environ.get("real_time_log_url")
    cid = os.environ.get("real_time_log_id")
    if url and cid and os.environ.get("real_time_log_id", None):
        try:
            retmsg = {
                "coid": cid,
                "data": data
            }
            urllib.request.urlopen(
                urllib.request.Request(
                    url=url,
                    data=json.dumps(retmsg).encode("utf-8")
                )
            )
        except Exception as e:
            sys.stdout.write("Debug Error:"   str(e))

封装成工具

  • 将重写部分封装成客户端工具
  • 将线上函数部分封装成 Component

封装成工具后的整体使用流程:

组件的安装与配置

安装scflog

代码语言:javascript复制
npm install scflog

部署实时日志组件,新建项目,并且建立serverless.yaml,内容:

代码语言:javascript复制
PythonLogs:
  component: '@gosls/tencent-pythonlogs'
  inputs:
    region: ap-guangzhou

通过sls --debug部署:

代码语言:javascript复制
DEBUG ─ Setting tags for function PythonRealTimeLogs_Cleanup
DEBUG ─ Creating trigger for function PythonRealTimeLogs_Cleanup
DEBUG ─ Deployed function PythonRealTimeLogs_Cleanup successful

PythonLogs:
    websocket: ws://service-laabz6zm-1256773370.gz.apigw.tencentcs.com/test/python_real_time_logs

    26s › PythonLogs › done

配置组件:

代码语言:javascript复制
scflog set -w ws://service-laabz6zm-1256773370.gz.apigw.tencentcs.com/test/python_real_time_logs

配置成功输出:

代码语言:javascript复制
DFOUNDERLIU-MB0:~ dfounderliu$ scflog set -w ws://service-laabz6zm-1256773370.gz.apigw.tencentcs.com/test/python_real_time_logs
设置成功
    websocket: ws://service-laabz6zm-1256773370.gz.apigw.tencentcs.com/test/python_real_time_logs
    region: ap-guangzhou
    namespace: default

函数的初始化与部署

在项目中使用该组件的方法很简单。

  • 创建一个文件夹,并进入
代码语言:javascript复制
mkdir scflogs && cd scflogs
  • 初始化项目
代码语言:javascript复制
scflog init -l python
  • 创建index.py文件以及serverless.yaml文件:
代码语言:javascript复制
vim index.py

内容是:

代码语言:javascript复制
from logs import *
import time
import logging

def main_handler(event, context):
    print("event is: ", event)
    time.sleep(1)
    logging.debug("this is debug_msg")
    time.sleep(1)
    logging.info("this is info_msg")
    time.sleep(1)
    logging.warning("this is warning_msg")
    time.sleep(1)
    logging.error("this is error_msg")
    time.sleep(1)
    logging.critical("this is critical_msg")
    time.sleep(1)
    print("context is: ", event)
    return "hello world"
代码语言:javascript复制
vim serverless.yaml

内容是:

代码语言:javascript复制
Hello_World:
  component: "@serverless/tencent-scf"
  inputs:
    name: Hello_World
    codeUri: ./
    handler: index.main_handler
    runtime: Python3.6
    region: ap-guangzhou
    description: My Serverless Function
    memorySize: 64
    timeout: 20
    exclude:
      - .gitignore
      - .git/**
      - node_modules/**
      - .serverless
      - .env
    events:
      - apigw:
          name: serverless
          parameters:
            protocols:
              - http
            serviceName: serverless
            description: the serverless service
            environment: release
            endpoints:
              - path: /test
                method: ANY

通过sls --debug部署:

代码语言:javascript复制
DEBUG ─ Deployed function Hello_World successful

  Hello_World:
    Name:        Hello_World
    Runtime:     Python3.6
    Handler:     index.main_handler
    MemorySize:  64
    Timeout:     20
    Region:      ap-guangzhou
    Namespace:   default
    Description: My Serverless Function
    APIGateway:
      - serverless - http://service-89bjzrye-1256773370.gz.apigw.tencentcs.com/release

  30s › Hello_World › done

实时日志功能的测试

配置 APIGW 的触发器,地址是上面输出的地址 endpoints 中的 path:

代码语言:javascript复制
http://service-89bjzrye-1256773370.gz.apigw.tencentcs.com/release/test

打开实时日志:

代码语言:javascript复制
scflog logs -n Hello_World -r ap-guangzhou

提醒实时日志开启成功:

代码语言:javascript复制
DFOUNDERLIU-MB0:~ dfounderliu$ scflog logs -n Hello_World -r ap-guangzhou
实时日志开启 ...

用浏览器通过刚才函数部署完成返回的地址触发函数:

代码语言:javascript复制
实时日志开启 ...
[2020-03-04 16:36:08] :  ......}
[2020-03-04 16:36:09] :  DEBUG debug_msg
[2020-03-04 16:36:10] :  INFO info_msg
[2020-03-04 16:36:11] :  WARNING warning_msg
[2020-03-04 16:36:14] :  ERROR error_msg
[2020-03-04 16:36:14] :  CRITICAL critical_msg
[2020-03-04 16:36:16] :  context is: .......}
.......

至此,实现实时日志功能。

总 结

Serverless 架构虽然拥有很多优势,但是同时也有劣势,没有什么事情是完美的,Serverless 架构也是如此。在 Serverless 架构下,日志的实时性确实是一个问题,这个问题不仅仅是我们可能要等十几秒才能看到日志,而且会影响开发效率、维护效率以及问题定位效率,但是我们可以通过自身来实现这样的功能,通过 API 网关的 Websocket 能力,通过云函数的与 API 网关的结合,构建一个实时日志的系统。

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