之前笔者在介绍 Flink 1.11 Hive Streaming 新特性时提到过,Flink SQL 的 FileSystem Connector 为了与 Flink-Hive 集成的大环境适配,做了很多改进,而其中最为明显的就是分区提交(partition commit)机制。
本文先通过源码简单过一下分区提交机制的两个要素——即触发(trigger)和策略(policy)的实现,然后用合并小文件的实例说一下自定义分区提交策略的方法。
PartitionCommitTrigger
在最新的 Flink SQL 中,FileSystem Connector 原生支持数据分区,并且写入时采用标准 Hive 分区格式,如下所示。
代码语言:javascript复制path└── datetime=2019-08-25 └── hour=11 ├── part-0.parquet ├── part-1.parquet └── hour=12 ├── part-0.parquet└── datetime=2019-08-26 └── hour=6 ├── part-0.parquet
那么,已经写入的分区数据何时才能对下游可见呢?这就涉及到如何触发分区提交的问题。根据官方文档,触发参数有以下两个:
- sink.partition-commit.trigger:可选 process-time(根据处理时间触发)和 partition-time(根据从事件时间中提取的分区时间触发)。
- sink.partition-commit.delay:分区提交的时延。如果 trigger 是 process-time,则以分区创建时的系统时间戳为准,经过此时延后提交;如果 trigger 是 partition-time,则以分区创建时本身携带的事件时间戳为准,当水印时间戳经过此时延后提交。
可见,process-time trigger 无法应对处理过程中出现的抖动,一旦数据迟到或者程序失败重启,数据就不能按照事件时间被归入正确的分区了。所以在实际应用中,我们几乎总是选用 partition-time trigger,并自己生成水印。当然我们也需要通过 partition.time-extractor.*一系列参数来指定抽取分区时间的规则(PartitionTimeExtractor),官方文档说得很清楚,不再赘述。
在源码中,PartitionCommitTrigger 的类图如下。
下面以分区时间触发的 PartitionTimeCommitTrigger 为例,简单看看它的思路。直接上该类的完整代码。
代码语言:javascript复制public class PartitionTimeCommitTigger implements PartitionCommitTrigger { private static final ListStateDescriptor<List<String>> PENDING_PARTITIONS_STATE_DESC = new ListStateDescriptor<>( "pending-partitions", new ListSerializer<>(StringSerializer.INSTANCE));
private static final ListStateDescriptor<Map<Long, Long>> WATERMARKS_STATE_DESC = new ListStateDescriptor<>( "checkpoint-id-to-watermark", new MapSerializer<>(LongSerializer.INSTANCE, LongSerializer.INSTANCE));
private final ListState<List<String>> pendingPartitionsState; private final Set<String> pendingPartitions;
private final ListState<Map<Long, Long>> watermarksState; private final TreeMap<Long, Long> watermarks; private final PartitionTimeExtractor extractor; private final long commitDelay; private final List<String> partitionKeys;
public PartitionTimeCommitTigger( boolean isRestored, OperatorStateStore stateStore, Configuration conf, ClassLoader cl, List<String> partitionKeys) throws Exception { this.pendingPartitionsState = stateStore.getListState(PENDING_PARTITIONS_STATE_DESC); this.pendingPartitions = new HashSet<>(); if (isRestored) { pendingPartitions.addAll(pendingPartitionsState.get().iterator().next()); }
this.partitionKeys = partitionKeys; this.commitDelay = conf.get(SINK_PARTITION_COMMIT_DELAY).toMillis(); this.extractor = PartitionTimeExtractor.create( cl, conf.get(PARTITION_TIME_EXTRACTOR_KIND), conf.get(PARTITION_TIME_EXTRACTOR_CLASS), conf.get(PARTITION_TIME_EXTRACTOR_TIMESTAMP_PATTERN));
this.watermarksState = stateStore.getListState(WATERMARKS_STATE_DESC); this.watermarks = new TreeMap<>(); if (isRestored) { watermarks.putAll(watermarksState.get().iterator().next()); } }
@Override public void addPartition(String partition) { if (!StringUtils.isNullOrWhitespaceOnly(partition)) { this.pendingPartitions.add(partition); } }
@Override public List<String> committablePartitions(long checkpointId) { if (!watermarks.containsKey(checkpointId)) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format( "Checkpoint(%d) has not been snapshot. The watermark information is: %s.", checkpointId, watermarks)); }
long watermark = watermarks.get(checkpointId); watermarks.headMap(checkpointId, true).clear();
List<String> needCommit = new ArrayList<>(); Iterator<String> iter = pendingPartitions.iterator(); while (iter.hasNext()) { String partition = iter.next(); LocalDateTime partTime = extractor.extract( partitionKeys, extractPartitionValues(new Path(partition))); if (watermark > toMills(partTime) commitDelay) { needCommit.add(partition); iter.remove(); } } return needCommit; }
@Override public void snapshotState(long checkpointId, long watermark) throws Exception { pendingPartitionsState.clear(); pendingPartitionsState.add(new ArrayList<>(pendingPartitions));
watermarks.put(checkpointId, watermark); watermarksState.clear(); watermarksState.add(new HashMap<>(watermarks)); }
@Override public List<String> endInput() { ArrayList<String> partitions = new ArrayList<>(pendingPartitions); pendingPartitions.clear(); return partitions; }}
注意到该类中维护了两对必要的信息:
- pendingPartitions/pendingPartitionsState:等待提交的分区以及对应的状态;
- watermarks/watermarksState:<检查点 ID, 水印时间戳>的映射关系(用 TreeMap 存储以保证有序)以及对应的状态。
这也说明开启检查点是分区提交机制的前提。snapshotState() 方法用于将这些信息保存到状态中。这样在程序 failover 时,也能够保证分区数据的完整和正确。
那么 PartitionTimeCommitTigger 是如何知道该提交哪些分区的呢?来看 committablePartitions() 方法:
- 检查 checkpoint ID 是否合法;
- 取出当前 checkpoint ID 对应的水印,并调用 TreeMap的headMap() 和 clear() 方法删掉早于当前 checkpoint ID 的水印数据(没用了);
- 遍历等待提交的分区,调用之前定义的 PartitionTimeExtractor(比如${year}-${month}-${day} ${hour}:00:00)抽取分区时间。如果水印时间已经超过了分区时间加上上述 sink.partition-commit.delay 参数,说明可以提交,并返回它们。
PartitionCommitTrigger 的逻辑会在负责真正提交分区的 StreamingFileCommitter 组件中用到(注意 StreamingFileCommitter 的并行度固定为 1,之前有人问过这件事)。StreamingFileCommitter 和 StreamingFileWriter(即 SQL 版 StreamingFileSink)的细节相对比较复杂,本文不表,之后会详细说明。
PartitionCommitPolicy
PartitionCommitTrigger 解决了分区何时对下游可见的问题,而 PartitionCommitPolicy 解决的是对下游可见的标志问题。根据官方文档,我们可以通过 sink.partition-commit.policy.kind 参数进行配置,一共有三种提交策略(可以组合使用):
- metastore:向 Hive Metastore 更新分区信息(仅在使用 HiveCatalog 时有效);
- success-file:向分区目录下写一个表示成功的文件,文件名可以通过 sink.partition-commit.success-file.name 参数自定义,默认为_SUCCESS;
- custom:自定义的提交策略,需要通过 sink.partition-commit.policy.class 参数来指定策略的类名。
PartitionCommitPolicy 的内部实现就简单多了,类图如下。策略的具体逻辑通过覆写 commit() 方法实现。
两个默认实现 MetastoreCommitPolicy 和 SuccessFileCommitPolicy 如下,都非常容易理解。
代码语言:javascript复制public class MetastoreCommitPolicy implements PartitionCommitPolicy { private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MetastoreCommitPolicy.class);
private TableMetaStore metaStore;
public void setMetastore(TableMetaStore metaStore) { this.metaStore = metaStore; }
@Override public void commit(Context context) throws Exception { LinkedHashMap<String, String> partitionSpec = context.partitionSpec(); metaStore.createOrAlterPartition(partitionSpec, context.partitionPath()); LOG.info("Committed partition {} to metastore", partitionSpec); }}
代码语言:javascript复制public class SuccessFileCommitPolicy implements PartitionCommitPolicy { private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SuccessFileCommitPolicy.class);
private final String fileName; private final FileSystem fileSystem;
public SuccessFileCommitPolicy(String fileName, FileSystem fileSystem) { this.fileName = fileName; this.fileSystem = fileSystem; }
@Override public void commit(Context context) throws Exception { fileSystem.create( new Path(context.partitionPath(), fileName), FileSystem.WriteMode.OVERWRITE).close(); LOG.info("Committed partition {} with success file", context.partitionSpec()); }}
Customize PartitionCommitPolicy
还记得之前做过的 Hive Streaming 实验么?
由上图可见,在写入比较频繁或者并行度比较大时,每个分区内都会出现很多细碎的小文件,这是我们不乐意看到的。下面尝试自定义 PartitionCommitPolicy,实现在分区提交时将它们顺便合并在一起(存储格式为 Parquet)。
Parquet 格式与普通的TextFile等行存储格式不同,它是自描述(自带 schema 和 metadata)的列存储,数据结构按照 Google Dremel 的标准格式来组织,与 Protobuf 相同。所以,我们应该先检测写入文件的 schema,再按照 schema 分别读取它们,并拼合在一起。
下面贴出合并分区内所有小文件的完整策略 ParquetFileMergingCommitPolicy。为了保证依赖不冲突,Parquet 相关的组件全部采用 Flink shade 过的版本。窃以为代码写得还算工整易懂,所以偷懒不写注释了。
代码语言:javascript复制package me.lmagics.flinkexp.hiveintegration.util;
import org.apache.flink.hive.shaded.parquet.example.data.Group;import org.apache.flink.hive.shaded.parquet.hadoop.ParquetFileReader;import org.apache.flink.hive.shaded.parquet.hadoop.ParquetFileWriter.Mode;import org.apache.flink.hive.shaded.parquet.hadoop.ParquetReader;import org.apache.flink.hive.shaded.parquet.hadoop.ParquetWriter;import org.apache.flink.hive.shaded.parquet.hadoop.example.ExampleParquetWriter;import org.apache.flink.hive.shaded.parquet.hadoop.example.GroupReadSupport;import org.apache.flink.hive.shaded.parquet.hadoop.metadata.CompressionCodecName;import org.apache.flink.hive.shaded.parquet.hadoop.metadata.ParquetMetadata;import org.apache.flink.hive.shaded.parquet.hadoop.util.HadoopInputFile;import org.apache.flink.hive.shaded.parquet.schema.MessageType;import org.apache.flink.table.filesystem.PartitionCommitPolicy;import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;import org.apache.hadoop.fs.LocatedFileStatus;import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;import org.apache.hadoop.fs.RemoteIterator;import org.slf4j.Logger;import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.io.IOException;import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;
public class ParquetFileMergingCommitPolicy implements PartitionCommitPolicy { private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ParquetFileMergingCommitPolicy.class);
@Override public void commit(Context context) throws Exception { Configuration conf = new Configuration(); FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(conf); String partitionPath = context.partitionPath().getPath();
List<Path> files = listAllFiles(fs, new Path(partitionPath), "part-"); LOGGER.info("{} files in path {}", files.size(), partitionPath);
MessageType schema = getParquetSchema(files, conf); if (schema == null) { return; } LOGGER.info("Fetched parquet schema: {}", schema.toString());
Path result = merge(partitionPath, schema, files, fs); LOGGER.info("Files merged into {}", result.toString()); }
private List<Path> listAllFiles(FileSystem fs, Path dir, String prefix) throws IOException { List<Path> result = new ArrayList<>();
RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus> dirIterator = fs.listFiles(dir, false); while (dirIterator.hasNext()) { LocatedFileStatus fileStatus = dirIterator.next(); Path filePath = fileStatus.getPath(); if (fileStatus.isFile() && filePath.getName().startsWith(prefix)) { result.add(filePath); } }
return result; }
private MessageType getParquetSchema(List<Path> files, Configuration conf) throws IOException { if (files.size() == 0) { return null; }
HadoopInputFile inputFile = HadoopInputFile.fromPath(files.get(0), conf); ParquetFileReader reader = ParquetFileReader.open(inputFile); ParquetMetadata metadata = reader.getFooter(); MessageType schema = metadata.getFileMetaData().getSchema();
reader.close(); return schema; }
private Path merge(String partitionPath, MessageType schema, List<Path> files, FileSystem fs) throws IOException { Path mergeDest = new Path(partitionPath "/result-" System.currentTimeMillis() ".parquet"); ParquetWriter<Group> writer = ExampleParquetWriter.builder(mergeDest) .withType(schema) .withConf(fs.getConf()) .withWriteMode(Mode.CREATE) .withCompressionCodec(CompressionCodecName.SNAPPY) .build();
for (Path file : files) { ParquetReader<Group> reader = ParquetReader.builder(new GroupReadSupport(), file) .withConf(fs.getConf()) .build(); Group data; while((data = reader.read()) != null) { writer.write(data); } reader.close(); } writer.close();
for (Path file : files) { fs.delete(file, false); }
return mergeDest; }}
别忘了修改分区提交策略相关的参数:
代码语言:javascript复制'sink.partition-commit.policy.kind' = 'metastore,success-file,custom', 'sink.partition-commit.policy.class' = 'me.lmagics.flinkexp.hiveintegration.util.ParquetFileMergingCommitPolicy'
重新跑一遍之前的 Hive Streaming 程序,观察日志输出:
代码语言:javascript复制20-08-04 22:15:00 INFO me.lmagics.flinkexp.hiveintegration.util.ParquetFileMergingCommitPolicy - 14 files in path /user/hive/warehouse/hive_tmp.db/analytics_access_log_hive/ts_date=2020-08-04/ts_hour=22/ts_minute=13
// 如果看官熟悉Protobuf的话,可以发现这里的schema风格是完全一致的20-08-04 22:15:00 INFO me.lmagics.flinkexp.hiveintegration.util.ParquetFileMergingCommitPolicy - Fetched parquet schema: message hive_schema { optional int64 ts; optional int64 user_id; optional binary event_type (UTF8); optional binary from_type (UTF8); optional binary column_type (UTF8); optional int64 site_id; optional int64 groupon_id; optional int64 partner_id; optional int64 merchandise_id;}
20-08-04 22:15:04 INFO me.lmagics.flinkexp.hiveintegration.util.ParquetFileMergingCommitPolicy - Files merged into /user/hive/warehouse/hive_tmp.db/analytics_access_log_hive/ts_date=2020-08-04/ts_hour=22/ts_minute=13/result-1596550500950.parquet
最后来验证一下,合并成功。
以上。感兴趣的同学也可以动手测试~