大家好，关于Requests爬虫我们已经讲了很多。今天我们就说一下Scrapy框架各组件的详细设置方便之后更新Scrapy爬虫实战案例。
关于Scrapy
Scrapy是纯Python语言实现的爬虫框架，简单、易用、拓展性高是其主要特点。这里不过多介绍Scrapy的基本知识点，主要针对其高拓展性详细介绍各个主要部件的配置方法。其实也不详细，不过应该能满足大多数人的需求了 : ）。当然，更多信息可以仔细阅读官方文档。首先还是放一张Scrapy数据流的图供复习和参考。
接下来进入正题，有些具体的示例以某瓣spider为例。
创建命令
代码语言：javascript复制scrapy startproject <Project_name>
scrapy genspider <spider_name> <domains>如果想要创建全网爬取的便捷框架crawlspider，则用如下命令：
代码语言：javascript复制scrapy genspider –t crawl <spider_name> <domains>spider.py
首先介绍最核心的部件spider.py，废话不多说，上代码，看注释
代码语言：javascript复制import scrapy
# 有些命令如果有python基础的都明白，我不做过多介绍
import json
# 需要做持久化所以导入item，也可以根据文件夹名慢慢导入
from ..items import DoubanItem
class DoubanSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'douban'
allowed_domains = ['douban.com']
# 对单个爬虫设置请求头
custom_settings = {
'DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS': {
'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
'Accept-Language': 'en',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36'
}}
# 很多时候并不需要重载这个函数，如果需要定制化起始url或者单独设置请求头可以选择重载
def start_requests(self):
page = 18
base_url = 'https://xxxx'
for i in range(page):
url = base_url.format(i * 20)
req = scrapy.Request(url=url, callback=self.parse)
# 对某个请求添加请求头，后面的请求如果要设置也是类似方法
# req.headers['User-Agent'] = ''
yield req
# 没有特别要解释，就是常规的页面解析抛给...（看数据流就明白了）
def parse(self, response):
json_str = response.body.decode('utf-8')
res_dict = json.loads(json_str)
for i in res_dict['subjects']:
url = i['url']
yield scrapy.Request(url=url, callback=self.parse_detailed_page)
# scrapy的response可以直接用xpath解析，基础东西大家都懂不赘述
def parse_detailed_page(self, response):
title = response.xpath('//h1/span[1]/text()').extract_first()
year = response.xpath('//h1/span[2]/text()').extract()[0]
image = response.xpath('//img[@rel="v:image"]/@src').extract_first()
item = DoubanItem()
item['title'] = title
item['year'] = year
item['image'] = image
# 如果要下载图片需要单独设置，ImagePipelines，同样在settings和pipelines都需要相应设置
item['image_urls'] = [image]
yield item如果是全网爬取，则框架中spiders的部分开头会略有差别
代码语言：javascript复制rules = (Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r'http://digimons.net/digimon/.*/index.html'), callback='parse_item', follow=False),)关键就是follow的设置了，是否到达既定深度和页面需要自己把握。提一嘴，请求头可以在三个地方设置，决定了请求头的影响范围
- 在settings中设置，范围最大，影响整个框架的所有spider
- 在spiders类变量处设置，影响该spider的所有请求
- 在具体请求中设置，只影响该request
三处设置的影响范围实际就是从全局到单个爬虫到单个请求。如果同时存在则单个请求的headers设置优先级最高！
items.py
代码语言：javascript复制import scrapy
class DoubanItem(scrapy.Item):
title = scrapy.Field()
year = scrapy.Field()
image = scrapy.Field()
# 下载图片的ImagePipelines也需要设置items
image_urls = scrapy.Field()
# 持久化存储我选择用mysql，不具体展开
def get_insert_sql_and_data(self):
# CREATE TABLE douban(
# id int not null auto_increment primary key,
# title text, `year` int, image text)ENGINE=INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET=UTF8mb4;
insert_sql = 'INSERT INTO douban(title,`year`,image)' # 系统关键字需要加``
'VALUES(%s,%s,%s)'
data = (self['title'],self['year'],self['image'])
return (insert_sql, data)middlewares.py
中间件就很灵性了，很多小伙伴也不一定用的到，但实际上在配置代理时很重要，一般需求不去配置SpiderMiddleware，主要针对DownloaderMiddleware进行修改
代码语言：javascript复制# 信号，这个名词在scrapy自定义拓展中很重要
from scrapy import signals
# 本地配置的类，代码见后续，可以搭在自己的IP池上，也可以直接挂在收费IP（比如我）
from proxyhelper import Proxyhelper
# 多线程操作同一个对象需要锁，用法就是实例化以后一锁一释放
from twisted.internet.defer import DeferredLock
class DoubanSpiderMiddleware(object): # spider中间件不设置
pass
class DoubanDownloaderMiddleware(object):
def __init__(self):
# 对IP配置的代理和锁都实例化
self.helper = Proxyhelper()
self.lock = DeferredLock()
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler): # 不修改
# This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
s = cls()
crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
return s
def process_request(self, request, spider):
# request的数据流到达下载中间件的时候出发
self.lock.acquire()
request.meta['Proxy'] = self.helper.get_proxy()
self.lock.release()
return None
def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
# 对响应判断，如果不符合就换代理重新请求
if response.status != 200:
self.lock.acquire()
self.helper.update_proxy(request.meta['Proxy'])
self.lock.release()
return request
return response
def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
self.lock.acquire()
self.helper.update_proxy(request.meta['Proxy'])
self.lock.release()
return request
def spider_opened(self, spider): # 不修改
spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)附上proxyhelper配置的代码
代码语言：javascript复制import requests
class Proxyhelper(object):
def __init__(self):
self.proxy = self._get_proxy_from_xxx()
def get_proxy(self):
return self.proxy
def update_proxy(self, proxy):
if proxy == self.proxy:
print('Updating a proxy')
self.proxy = self._get_proxy_from_xxx()
def _get_proxy_from_xxx(self):
url = '' # 此处修改url，最好是一次返回一个ip
response = requests.get(url)
return 'http://' response.text.strip()pipelines.py
代码语言：javascript复制# 载入本地的mysql持久化类，按需自己写
from mysqlhelper import Mysqlhelper
# 载入ImagesPipeline便于重载，自定义一些功能
from scrapy.pipelines.images import ImagesPipeline
import hashlib
from scrapy.utils.python import to_bytes
from scrapy.http import Request
class DoubanImagesPipeline(ImagesPipeline):
def get_media_requests(self, item, info):
request_lst = []
for x in item.get(self.images_urls_field, []):
req = Request(x)
req.meta['movie_name'] = item['title'] # 获取名字
request_lst.append(req)
return request_lst
# 重载
def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None):
image_guid = hashlib.sha1(to_bytes(request.url)).hexdigest()
return 'full/%s.jpg' % (request.meta['movie_name']) # 修改图片名
# 无特殊，有些步骤在items已经写完，实现pipelines和items功能上的分离
class DoubanPipeline(object):
def __init__(self):
self.mysqlhelper = Mysqlhelper()
def process_item(self, item, spider):
if 'get_insert_sql_and_data' in dir(item):
(insert_sql, data) = item.get_insert_sql_and_data()
self.mysqlhelper.execute_sql(insert_sql, data)
return itemsetting.py
极其关键的部件，注释已经在代码中标注
代码语言：javascript复制# 爬虫名称
BOT_NAME = 'Douban'
SPIDER_MODULES = ['Douban.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'Douban.spiders'
# 客户端请求头
# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
#USER_AGENT = 'Douban ( http://www.yourdomain.com)'
# Obey robots.txt rules
# 机器人协定
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
# 并发请求数
# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
# 下载延迟
#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
# 单域名和单IP并发数，会覆盖上面的设定
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16
# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False
# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
# 对爬虫进行监控
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
# TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = True
# TELNETCONSOLE_HOST = '127.0.0.1'
# TELNETCONSOLE_PORT = [6023,]
# 操作命令：cmd -> telent 127.0.0.1 6023-> est<>
# Override the default request headers:
# 默认请求头，项目内所有爬虫有效
# DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
# 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
# 'Accept-Language': 'en',
# 'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36'
# }
# 爬虫中间件
# SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# # 'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware': None
# 'Douban.middlewares.DoubanSpiderMiddleware': 543,
# }
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# 下载中间件
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'Douban.middlewares.DoubanDownloaderMiddleware': 560,
# 更改为560的原因在于不同中间件细分很多亚组间，这些组间的数据大小决定了request和response数据流触碰的顺序，具体见官方文档
}
# 允许url的访问时限
TIMEOUT = 10
# 深度限制
# DEPTH_LIMIT = 1
# 自定义拓展
EXTENSIONS = {
'Douban.extends.MyExtension': 500,
}
# item-pipelines配置
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
# 'scrapy.pipelines.images.ImagesPipeline': 1, # 图片下载器需要注册
'Douban.pipelines.DoubanImagesPipeline': 300,
}
# 利用算法，自动限速
# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False
# 启用缓存，较少用
# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'
# 图片下载器ImagePipeline的配置，按需开启
IMAGES_STORE = 'download'extends.py
自定义扩展，建议设置该部件需要对信号有了解，深入理解scrapy运行过程的信号触发，实际还是需要对数据流理解的完善。代码中我是利用自己写的类，本质就是利用喵提醒在某些特定时刻触发提醒（喵提醒打钱？）。当然也可以利用日志或者其他功能强化拓展功能，通过signal的不同触发时刻针对性设置
需要自己创建，创建位置如图：
from scrapy import signals
from message import Message
class MyExtension(object):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
val = crawler.settings.getint('MMMM')
ext = cls(val)
crawler.signals.connect(ext.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
crawler.signals.connect(ext.spider_closed, signal=signals.spider_closed)
return ext
def spider_opened(self, spider):
print('spider running')
def spider_closed(self, spider):
message = Message('spider运行结束')
message.push()
print('spider closed')running.py
runnings.py最后提一下吧，其实就是一个在python中运行cmd的命令
代码语言：javascript复制from scrapy.cmdline import execute
execute('scrapy crawl douban'.split())以上就是可以满足基本需求的Scrapy各部件配置，如果还不熟悉的话可以参考，之后我们将更新一些Scrapy爬虫实战案例。
