线程及进程概念可自行学习
Unix/Linux操作系统提供了一个fork()系统调用,它非常特殊。普通的函数调用,调用一次,返回一次,但是fork()调用一次,返回两次,因为操作系统自动把当前进程(称为父进程)复制了一份(称为子进程),然后,分别在父进程和子进程内返回。
子进程永远返回0,而父进程返回子进程的ID。这样做的理由是,一个父进程可以fork出很多子进程,所以,父进程要记下每个子进程的ID,而子进程只需要调用getppid()就可以拿到父进程的ID。
常用方法:
multiprocessing.cpu_count() 计算当前计算机有几个CPU可用
multiprocessing.active_children() 查看当前还活着的子进程
p.is_alive() 查看当前进程是否存活
p.join() 进程的阻塞,如果join中无参数,则等待进程运行完后继续执行主函数,如果join有timeout参数,则超出timeout时间后继续执行主函数,不等待进程返回结果
p.name() 输出p进程的名字
p.pid() 输出p进程的pid是多少
p.start() 开始p进程,与run()方法相同
Python的os模块封装了常见的系统调用,其中就包括fork,可以在Python程序中轻松创建子进程:
例子:
import os
print 'Process (%s) start...' % os.getpid()
pid = os.fork()
if pid==0:
print 'I am child process (%s) and my parent is %s.' % (os.getpid(), os.getppid())
else:
print 'I (%s) just created a child process (%s).' % (os.getpid(), pid)
输出:
Process (876) start...
I (876) just created a child process (877).
I am child process (877) and my parent is 876.
有了fork调用,一个进程在接到新任务时就可以复制出一个子进程来处理新任务,常见的Apache服务器就是由父进程监听端口,每当有新的http请求时,就fork出子进程来处理新的http请求。
multiprocessing
由于Python是跨平台的,自然也应该提供一个跨平台的多进程支持。multiprocessing模块就是跨平台版本的多进程模块。
multiprocessing模块提供了一个Process类来代表一个进程对象,下面的例子演示了启动一个子进程并等待其结束:
例子:
from multiprocessing import Process
import os
# 子进程要执行的代码
def run_proc(name):
print 'Run child process %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid())
if __name__=='__main__':
print 'Parent process %s.' % os.getpid()
p = Process(target=run_proc, args=('test',))
print 'Process will start.'
p.start()
p.join()
print 'Process end.'
输出:
Parent process 928.
Process will start.
Run child process test (929)...
Process end.
创建子进程时,只需要传入一个执行函数和函数的参数,创建一个Process实例,用start()方法启动,这样创建进程比fork()还要简单。
join()方法可以等待子进程结束后再继续往下运行,通常用于进程间的同步。
例子:
#创建子进程的方法
import time
import multiprocessing
def worker(name,interval):
print ("{0} start".format(name))
time.sleep(interval)
print ("{0} end".format(name))
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("main start")
print (multiprocessing.cpu_count())
#创建子进程,目标是那个函数,传递的参数都有哪些
p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=("worker1",2))
p2 = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=("worker2",3))
p3 = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=("worker3",4))
#启动进程
p1.start()
p2.start()
p3.start()
for i in multiprocessing.active_children():
print ("The PID of {0} is {1}".format(i.name, i.pid))
print("main end")
输出:
main start
4
The PID of Process-1 is 1588
The PID of Process-3 is 6216
The PID of Process-2 is 5724
main end
worker1 start
worker2 start
worker3 start
worker1 end
worker2 end
worker3 end
Pool
如果要启动大量的子进程,可以用进程池的方式批量创建子进程:
例子:
from multiprocessing import Pool
import os, time, random
def long_time_task(name):
print 'Run task %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid())
start = time.time()
time.sleep(random.random() * 3)
end = time.time()
print 'Task %s runs %0.2f seconds.' % (name, (end - start))
if __name__=='__main__':
print 'Parent process %s.' % os.getpid()
p = Pool()
for i in range(5):
p.apply_async(long_time_task, args=(i,))
print 'Waiting for all subprocesses done...'
p.close()
p.join()
print 'All subprocesses done.'
输出:
Parent process 669.
Waiting for all subprocesses done...
Run task 0 (671)...
Run task 1 (672)...
Run task 2 (673)...
Run task 3 (674)...
Task 2 runs 0.14 seconds.
Run task 4 (673)...
Task 1 runs 0.27 seconds.
Task 3 runs 0.86 seconds.
Task 0 runs 1.41 seconds.
Task 4 runs 1.91 seconds.
All subprocesses done.
代码解读:
对Pool对象调用join()方法会等待所有子进程执行完毕,调用join()之前必须先调用close(),调用close()之后就不能继续添加新的Process了。
请注意输出的结果,task 0,1,2,3是立刻执行的,而task 4要等待前面某个task完成后才执行,这是因为Pool的默认大小在我的电脑上是4,因此,最多同时执行4个进程。这是Pool有意设计的限制,并不是操作系统的限制。如果改成:
p = Pool(5)
就可以同时跑5个进程。
由于Pool的默认大小是CPU的核数,如果你不幸拥有8核CPU,你要提交至少9个子进程才能看到上面的等待效果。
进程间通信
Process之间肯定是需要通信的,操作系统提供了很多机制来实现进程间的通信。Python的multiprocessing模块包装了底层的机制,提供了Queue、Pipes等多种方式来交换数据。
我们以Queue为例,在父进程中创建两个子进程,一个往Queue里写数据,一个从Queue里读数据:
例子:
from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
import os, time, random
# 写数据进程执行的代码:
def write(q):
for value in ['A', 'B', 'C']:
print 'Put %s to queue...' % value
q.put(value)
time.sleep(random.random())
# 读数据进程执行的代码:
def read(q):
while True:
value = q.get(True)
print 'Get %s from queue.' % value
if __name__=='__main__':
# 父进程创建Queue,并传给各个子进程:
q = Queue()
pw = Process(target=write, args=(q,))
pr = Process(target=read, args=(q,))
# 启动子进程pw,写入:
pw.start()
# 启动子进程pr,读取:
pr.start()
# 等待pw结束:
pw.join()
# pr进程里是死循环,无法等待其结束,只能强行终止:
pr.terminate()
输出:
Put A to queue...
Get A from queue.
Put B to queue...
Get B from queue.
Put C to queue...
Get C from queue.
在Unix/Linux下,multiprocessing模块封装了fork()调用,使我们不需要关注fork()的细节。由于Windows没有fork调用,因此,multiprocessing需要“模拟”出fork的效果,父进程所有Python对象都必须通过pickle序列化再传到子进程去,所有,如果multiprocessing在Windows下调用失败了,要先考虑是不是pickle失败了。
多进程锁
例子:
import multiprocessing
import time
def add(number, value, lock):
#获取锁
lock.acquire()
#异常的捕获
try:
print ("add{0} number = {1}".format(value, number))
for i in xrange(1, 6):
number = value
time.sleep(1)
print ("add{0} number = {1}".format(value, number))
except Exception as e:
raise e
finally:
#释放锁
lock.release()
if __name__ == "__main__":
#锁的实例化
lock = multiprocessing.Lock()
number = 0
#进程包含进程锁,p1和p2进程分别去抢锁,先抢到的先运行
p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=add, args=(number, 1, lock))
p2 = multiprocessing.Process(target=add, args=(number, 3, lock))
p1.start()
p2.start()
print ("main end")
输出:
main end
add3 number = 0
add3 number = 3
add3 number = 6
add3 number = 9
add3 number = 12
add3 number = 15
add1 number = 0
add1 number = 1
add1 number = 2
add1 number = 3
add1 number = 4
add1 number = 5
例子:
import multiprocessing
import time
def add(number, value, lock):
#使用with lock写法来自动加锁及释放,与acquire和release相同
with lock:
print ("add{0} number = {1}".format(value, number))
for i in xrange(1, 6):
number = value
time.sleep(1)
print ("add{0} number = {1}".format(value, number))
if __name__ == "__main__":
#锁的实例化
lock = multiprocessing.Lock()
number = 0
#进程包含进程锁,p1和p2进程分别去抢锁,先抢到的先运行
p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=add, args=(number, 1, lock))
p2 = multiprocessing.Process(target=add, args=(number, 3, lock))
p1.start()
p2.start()
print ("main end")
输出:
main end
add1 number = 0
add1 number = 1
add1 number = 2
add1 number = 3
add1 number = 4
add1 number = 5
add3 number = 0
add3 number = 3
add3 number = 6
add3 number = 9
add3 number = 12
add3 number = 15
共享内存
import multiprocessing
import time
def add(number, add_value):
try:
print ("add{0} number = {1}".format(add_value, number.value))
for i in xrange(1, 6):
number.value = add_value
time.sleep(1)
print ("add{0} number = {1}".format(add_value, number.value))
except Exception as e :
raise e
if __name__ == "__main__":
#number共享内存的实例化,number.value才可以使用共享内存操作,分别有value和array
number = multiprocessing.Value('i', 0)
p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=add, args=(number, 1))
p2 = multiprocessing.Process(target=add, args=(number, 3))
p1.start()
p2.start()
print ("main end")
输出:
main end
add1 number = 0
add3 number = 1
add1 number = 4
add3 number = 5
add1 number = 8
add3 number = 9
add1 number = 12
add3 number = 13
add1 number = 16
add3 number = 17
add1 number = 20
add3 number = 20
多进程manager管理
manager可以接收多种类型的数据,相比较array和value功能更丰富
例子:
import multiprocessing
def worker(d, l):
l = range(11,16)
for i in xrange(1,6):
key = "key {0}".format(i)
value = "value {0}".format(i)
d[key] = value
if __name__ == "__main__":
#实例化manager
manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
#接收字典类型的数据
d = manager.dict()
#接收列表类型的数据
l = manager.list()
p = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=(d, l))
p.start()
p.join()
print (d)
print (l)
输出:
{'key 1': 'value 1', 'key 2': 'value 2', 'key 3': 'value 3', 'key 4': 'value 4', 'key 5': 'value 5'}
[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
进程池
与MySQL连接池含义类似,创建连接池后所有进程都从进程池连接,超出进程池数量的进程会排队等待
例子:
import multiprocessing
import time
def fun1(message):
print ("start {0}".format(message))
time.sleep(1)
print ("end {0}".format(message))
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 实例化进程池
pool = multiprocessing.Pool(2)
for i in xrange(1,10):
message = "number is {0}".format(i)
# apply_async是将进程池跑满,多进程同时操作
pool.apply_async(func=fun1,args=(message,))
pool.close()
# 等待所有进程关闭,在join前需要close
pool.join()
输出:
start number is 1
start number is 2
end number is 1
start number is 3
end number is 2
start number is 4
end number is 4
start number is 5
end number is 3
start number is 6
end number is 6
start number is 7
end number is 5
start number is 8
end number is 8
end number is 7
start number is 9
end number is 9
例子:
import multiprocessing
import time
def fun1(message):
print ("start {0}".format(message))
time.sleep(1)
print ("end {0}".format(message))
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 实例化进程池
pool = multiprocessing.Pool(2)
for i in xrange(1,10):
message = "number is {0}".format(i)
# apply是单进程,只有一个进程在运行
pool.apply(func=fun1,args=(message,))
pool.close()
# 等待所有进程关闭,在join前需要close
pool.join()
输出:
start number is 1
end number is 1
start number is 2
end number is 2
start number is 3
end number is 3
start number is 4
end number is 4
start number is 5
end number is 5
start number is 6
end number is 6
start number is 7
end number is 7
start number is 8
end number is 8
start number is 9
end number is 9