Verilog实现--序列检测器、自动饮料售卖机

2020-03-06 13:44:22 浏览数 (1)

Verilog实现状态机与状态机经典示例

1.状态机原理与三段式状态机

MOORE 与 MEALEY 状态机的特征?

Moore 状态机的输出仅与当前状态值有关, 且只在时钟边沿到来时才会有状态变化。次态=f(现状,输入),输出=f(现状)

Mealy 状态机的输出不仅与当前状态值有关, 而且与当前输入值有关。次态=f(现状,输入),输出=f(现状,输入)

描述同一个事务,mealy的状态更少。

通用mealy三段式状态机(建议实际工程中采用的结构)

代码语言:javascript复制
//------采用独热码或格雷码或其他方式编码状态
parameter IDLE = ...
parameter S0 = ...
...
reg [x:0] curr_state;
reg [x:0] next_state;
 
//------每个时钟只产生一次状态变化
always @(posedge clk or  posedge asy_rst)
begin
    if(asy_rst)    curr_state <= IDLE ;
    else           curr_state <= next_state;    
end
 
//------产生的下一状态的组合逻辑
always @(*)
begin
    next_state = 'bx;
    case(curr_state)
        IDLE:  if(输入) next_state = S0 ;else...;
        S0:    if(输入) next_state = ...;
        ...
        default:       next_state = ...;
    endcase
end
/************************时序或组合二选一***********************/
//------时序逻辑输出(比组合逻辑延时一个时钟)
always@(posedge clk or posedge asy_rst)
begin
    if(asy_rst)out<= ...;
    else
    case(curr_state)
        sO: if(...) out <= ...;
        sO: if(...) out <= ...;
        default: out <= ...;
    endcase
end
//------组合逻辑输出 采用 assign 或always
always @(*)
begin
    if(asy_rst)out = ...;
    else
    case(curr_state)
        sO: if(...) out  = ...;
        sO: if(...) out  = ...;
        default: out  = ...;
    endcase
end
/***********************************************************/

2.状态机示例

2.1自动饮料售卖机/卖报机

题目:商品是5分钱,只能投3种硬币:1分,2分,5分,考虑找零。

思路1:采用状态机,共分为5个状态,S0-S4代表已经投入的钱,画出状态转换图(略),采用三段式mealy状态机。

思路2:(更简单)不采用状态机,直接对输入的钱进行加法运算,多余5分就输出和找零,同时将内部加法器清零。

另一个版本:用Verilog实现接受0.5元,1元的可乐售卖机,单价2.5元,考虑找零和出货。

代码语言:javascript复制
module auto_sell_better#(
parameter I_WD = 4 , O_WD = 4
)(
input clk,
input asy_rst,
input [I_WD-1:0] i_dat,
input i_val,
 
output reg [O_WD-1:0] o_money,//找零
output reg o_goods          //商品
    );
 
parameter S0=4'b0000; 
parameter S1=4'b0001; //1分钱
parameter S2=4'b0010; 
parameter S3=4'b0100; 
parameter S4=4'b1000; //4分钱
reg [3:0] curr_s;
reg [3:0] next_s;
//每个时钟只产生一次状态变化
always @(posedge clk or  posedge asy_rst)
begin
    if(asy_rst)
        curr_s <= S0;
    else
        curr_s <= next_s;    
end
//产生的下一状态的组合逻辑
always @(*)
begin
next_s = 'dx;
case(curr_s)
    S0: if(i_dat == 1)          next_s = S1; 
        else if(i_dat == 2)     next_s = S2;
        else if(i_dat == 5)     next_s = S0;
        else                    next_s = S0;
    S1: if(i_dat == 1)          next_s = S2; 
        else if(i_dat == 2)     next_s = S3; 
        else if(i_dat == 5)     next_s = S0; 
        else                    next_s = S1;
    S2: if(i_dat == 1)          next_s = S3; 
        else if(i_dat == 2)     next_s = S4; 
        else if(i_dat == 5)     next_s = S0; 
        else                    next_s = S2; 
    S3: if(i_dat == 1)          next_s = S4; 
        else if(i_dat == 2)     next_s = S0; 
        else if(i_dat == 5)     next_s = S0; 
        else                    next_s = S3; 
    S4: if(i_dat == 1)          next_s = S0; 
        else if(i_dat == 2)     next_s = S0; 
        else if(i_dat == 5)     next_s = S0; 
        else                    next_s = S4;  
    default:    next_s = S0;
endcase
end
/**************************时序逻辑的输出*******************************/
always @(posedge clk or  posedge asy_rst)
begin
    if(asy_rst)
    begin
        o_money <= 0;
        o_goods <= 0;
    end     
    else
    case(curr_s)
        S0:
        begin
            o_money <= 0; 
            if(i_dat==5) o_goods <= 1; 
            else         o_goods <= 0; 
        end
        S1: 
        begin                  
            if(i_dat==5) begin  o_money <= 1; o_goods <= 1; end
            else         begin  o_money <= 0; o_goods <= 0; end
        end
        S2:               
        begin             
            if(i_dat==5) begin  o_money <= 2; o_goods <= 1; end
            else         begin  o_money <= 0; o_goods <= 0; end
        end
        S3:               
        begin             
            if(i_dat==5)        begin  o_money <= 3; o_goods <= 1; end
            else if (i_dat==2)  begin  o_money <= 0; o_goods <= 1; end
            else                begin  o_money <= 0; o_goods <= 0; end 
        end
        S4:               
        begin             
            if(i_dat==5)        begin  o_money <= 4; o_goods <= 1; end
            else if (i_dat==2)  begin  o_money <= 1; o_goods <= 1; end
            else if (i_dat==1)  begin  o_money <= 0; o_goods <= 1; end 
        end
        default :
        begin o_money <= 0; o_goods <= 0;end
    endcase
end              
 
/***************************不采用状态机的方法**********************************/
reg [3:0] add_in;//内部计算输入的钱的和
reg [3:0] a_money;//找零
reg a_goods;//商品
always @(posedge clk or  posedge asy_rst)
begin
    if(asy_rst)
    begin
        add_in <= 0;
        a_money <= 0;
        a_goods <= 0;
    end
    else if(i_val)
    begin
        if(add_in i_dat >=5)
        begin
            add_in <= 0;//清零
            a_money <= add_in   i_dat - 5;//找零
            a_goods <= 1;//输出
        end
        else
        begin
            add_in <= add_in   i_dat;
            a_money <= 0;
            a_goods <= 0;             
        end
    end
    else
    begin
       add_in <= 0;
       a_money <= 0;
       a_goods <= 0;
    end
end
endmodule
代码语言:javascript复制
/////////////////////////////////////testbench//////////////////////////////////
module auto_sell_sim;
parameter CLK_PERIOD = 10; //仿真周期10ns=100M
parameter RST_CYCLE = 5; //复位周期数
parameter RST_TIME = RST_CYCLE * CLK_PERIOD; 
 
reg sim_clk;
reg sim_asy_rst;
 
initial
begin
    sim_clk = 0;
    sim_asy_rst = 1;
    #RST_TIME sim_asy_rst = 0;
end
   
always #(CLK_PERIOD/2) sim_clk = ~sim_clk;
/******************************************************/
parameter I_WD = 4;
parameter O_WD = 4;
reg [I_WD-1:0]sim_dat;
reg [I_WD-1:0]sim_i_dat;
reg sim_i_val;
always@(posedge sim_clk or posedge sim_asy_rst)
begin
    if(sim_asy_rst)
    begin
        sim_i_dat <= 0; 
        sim_i_val <= 0;
    end
    else
    begin
    sim_dat <= {$random}%6;//产生0-5的随机数
    if( sim_dat== 1 || sim_dat ==2 || sim_dat==5)
    begin
        sim_i_dat <= sim_dat; 
        sim_i_val <= 1;
    end
    else
    begin
        sim_i_dat <= 0; 
        sim_i_val <= 1;
    end
    end
end
 
wire [O_WD-1:0] o_money;
wire o_goods;
auto_sell_better auto_sell_better_u( //auto_sell auto_sell_u (
.clk( sim_clk ),
.asy_rst( sim_asy_rst ),
.i_dat( sim_i_dat ),
.i_val( sim_i_val),
.o_money(o_money),
.o_goods(o_goods)
 );

2.2序列检测器

笔试题目:如果序列长度为8,需要8个状态,最少(3)个寄存器进行状态转换(mealy)。

题目:用状态机实现 101101 的序列检测。

思路:

画出mealy状态转换图,并进行化简[1],灰色表示合并为一个:

“101101”序列检测状态机输出表

果采用moore状态机,其状态就多了,且输出比mealy延时一个时钟参考[1]:

代码语言:javascript复制
//mealy状态机
module seq_detect#(
parameter I_WD = 1 , O_WD = 1
)(
input clk,
input asy_rst,
input [I_WD-1:0] i_dat,
input i_val,
output reg [O_WD-1:0] o_detect         
    );
 
parameter S0=6'b000001; 
parameter S1=6'b000010; 
parameter S2=6'b000100; 
parameter S3=6'b001000; 
parameter S4=6'b010000; 
parameter S5=6'b100000; 
 
//101101
reg [5:0] curr_s;
reg [5:0] next_s;
//每个时钟只产生一次状态变化
always @(posedge clk or  posedge asy_rst)
begin
    if(asy_rst)
        curr_s <= S0;
    else
        curr_s <= next_s;    
end
 
//产生的下一状态的组合逻辑
always @(*)
begin
next_s = 'dx;
case(curr_s)
    S0: if(i_dat == 1)          next_s = S1;        
        else                    next_s = S0;
    S1: if(i_dat == 0)          next_s = S2;    
        else                    next_s = S1;
    S2: if(i_dat == 1)          next_s = S3; 
        else                    next_s = S0; 
    S3: if(i_dat == 1)          next_s = S4; 
        else                    next_s = S2;////// 1010---提取10
    S4: if(i_dat == 0)          next_s = S5;     
        else                    next_s = S1; 
    S5: if(i_dat == 1)          next_s = S0;    
        else                    next_s = S0; 
    default:    next_s = S0;
endcase
end
/**************************时序逻辑的输出*******************************/
 
always @(posedge clk or  posedge asy_rst)
begin
    if(asy_rst)
    begin
        o_detect <= 0; 
    end     
    else
    case(curr_s)
        S0,S1,S2,S3,S4:
        begin
            o_detect <= 0;     
        end     
        S5:               
        begin             
            if(i_dat ==1 )  o_detect <= 1; 
        end
        default :
        begin o_detect <= 0;     end
    endcase
end              
endmodule
代码语言:javascript复制
/////////////////////////////////////testbench/////////////////////////////////////
module seq_detect_sim;
parameter CLK_PERIOD = 10; //仿真周期10ns=100M
parameter RST_CYCLE = 5; //复位周期数
parameter RST_TIME = RST_CYCLE * CLK_PERIOD; 
 
reg sim_clk;
reg sim_asy_rst;
 
initial
begin
    sim_clk = 0;
    sim_asy_rst = 1;
    #RST_TIME sim_asy_rst = 0;
end
   
always #(CLK_PERIOD/2) sim_clk = ~sim_clk;
/******************************************************/
parameter I_WD = 1;
parameter O_WD = 1;
parameter IN_SEQ = 32'b00101101_01011000_10110111_01010101;
 
reg [4:0]cnt;
reg sim_i_val;
always @(posedge sim_clk or  posedge sim_asy_rst)
begin
    if(sim_asy_rst)
    begin
        cnt <= 0;
        sim_i_val <= 0;
    end
    else
    begin
        cnt <= cnt  1;
        sim_i_val <= 1;
    end
end
 
wire [O_WD-1:0] o_detect;
seq_detect seq_detect_u (
.clk(sim_clk ),
.asy_rst(sim_asy_rst ),
.i_dat(IN_SEQ[cnt] ),
.i_val(sim_i_val),
.o_detect(o_detect)
 );
endmodule

参考资料 [1]“101101”序列检测器Verilog设计实例与VCS仿真(mealy型和moore型)

作者:king阿金

文章链接:

https://blog.csdn.net/qq_34070723/article/details/100737225

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