常用的http请求工具的缺点
- postman
不够灵活 需要打开客户端「打开慢」 学习成本高「测试，断言等」
- Jmeter
臃肿 麻烦 学习成本高「变量，cookie的管理等」
- curl
参数多 不够灵活 主要在Linux平台中使用 学习成本高
- wget
Linux中下载资源的工具 参数多 主要功能是命令行下载，功能单一
HTTP客户端命令行工具-HTTPie
- 基于命令行
- 支持JSON
- 支持语法高亮，格式化输出
- 支持wget下载
- 支持session会话
- 支持HTTPS
- 支持代理，认证
- 支持表单提交，文件提交
- 支持请求头，请求体，响应头或相遇体
- 支持多平台
安装
windows:
代码语言：javascript复制$ pip install --upgrade pip setuptools$ pip install --upgrade httpie其他：https://httpie.org/doc#installation
查看帮助
官方文档：https://httpie.org/doc
代码语言：javascript复制/*
* 提示：该行代码过长，系统自动注释不进行高亮。一键复制会移除系统注释
* $ http --helpzhongxindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhongxin$ http --helpusage: http [--json] [--form] [--pretty {all,colors,format,none}] [--style STYLE] [--print WHAT] [--headers] [--body] [--verbose] [--all] [--history-print WHAT] [--stream] [--output FILE] [--download] [--continue] [--session SESSION_NAME_OR_PATH | --session-read-only SESSION_NAME_OR_PATH] [--auth USER[:PASS]] [--auth-type {basic,digest}] [--proxy PROTOCOL:PROXY_URL] [--follow] [--max-redirects MAX_REDIRECTS] [--timeout SECONDS] [--check-status] [--verify VERIFY] [--ssl {ssl2.3,tls1,tls1.1,tls1.2}] [--cert CERT] [--cert-key CERT_KEY] [--ignore-stdin] [--help] [--version] [--traceback] [--default-scheme DEFAULT_SCHEME] [--debug] [METHOD] URL [REQUEST_ITEM [REQUEST_ITEM ...]]HTTPie - a CLI, cURL-like tool for humans. <http://httpie.org>Positional Arguments: These arguments come after any flags and in the order they are listed here. Only URL is required. METHOD The HTTP method to be used for the request (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, ...). This argument can be omitted in which case HTTPie will use POST if there is some data to be sent, otherwise GET: $ http example.org # => GET $ http example.org hello=world # => POST URL The scheme defaults to 'http://' if the URL does not include one. (You can override this with: --default-scheme=https) You can also use a shorthand for localhost $ http :3000 # => http://localhost:3000 $ http :/foo # => http://localhost/foo REQUEST_ITEM Optional key-value pairs to be included in the request. The separator used determines the type: ':' HTTP headers: Referer:http://httpie.org Cookie:foo=bar User-Agent:bacon/1.0 '==' URL parameters to be appended to the request URI: search==httpie '=' Data fields to be serialized into a JSON object (with --json, -j) or form data (with --form, -f): name=HTTPie language=Python description='CLI HTTP client' ':=' Non-string JSON data fields (only with --json, -j): awesome:=true amount:=42 colors:='["red", "green", "blue"]' '@' Form file fields (only with --form, -f): cs@~/Documents/CV.pdf '=@' A data field like '=', but takes a file path and embeds its content: essay=@Documents/essay.txt ':=@' A raw JSON field like ':=', but takes a file path and embeds its content: package:=@./package.json You can use a backslash to escape a colliding separator in the field name: field-name-with:colon=valuePredefined Content Types: --json, -j (default) Data items from the command line are serialized as a JSON object. The Content-Type and Accept headers are set to application/json (if not specified). --form, -f Data items from the command line are serialized as form fields. The Content-Type is set to application/x-www-form-urlencoded (if not specified). The presence of any file fields results in a multipart/form-data request.Output Processing: --pretty {all,colors,format,none} Controls output processing. The value can be "none" to not prettify the output (default for redirected output), "all" to apply both colors and formatting (default for terminal output), "colors", or "format". --style STYLE, -s STYLE Output coloring style (default is "auto"). One of: abap, algol, algol_nu, arduino, auto, autumn, borland, bw, colorful, default, emacs, friendly, fruity, igor, lovelace, manni, monokai, murphy, native, paraiso-dark, paraiso-light, pastie, perldoc, rainbow_dash, rrt, sas, solarized, solarized-dark, solarized-light, stata, stata-dark, stata- light, tango, trac, vim, vs, xcode The "auto" style follows your terminal's ANSI color styles. For non-auto styles to work properly, please make sure that the $TERM environment variable is set to "xterm-256color" or similar (e.g., via `export TERM=xterm-256color' in your ~/.bashrc).Output Options: --print WHAT, -p WHAT String specifying what the output should contain: 'H' request headers 'B' request body 'h' response headers 'b' response body The default behaviour is 'hb' (i.e., the response headers and body is printed), if standard output is not redirected. If the output is piped to another program or to a file, then only the response body is printed by default. --headers, -h Print only the response headers. Shortcut for --print=h. --body, -b Print only the response body. Shortcut for --print=b. --verbose, -v Verbose output. Print the whole request as well as the response. Also print any intermediary requests/responses (such as redirects). It's a shortcut for: --all --print=BHhb --all By default, only the final request/response is shown. Use this flag to show any intermediary requests/responses as well. Intermediary requests include followed redirects (with --follow), the first unauthorized request when Digest auth is used (--auth=digest), etc. --history-print WHAT, -P WHAT The same as --print, -p but applies only to intermediary requests/responses (such as redirects) when their inclusion is enabled with --all. If this options is not specified, then they are formatted the same way as the final response. --stream, -S Always stream the output by line, i.e., behave like `tail -f'. Without --stream and with --pretty (either set or implied), HTTPie fetches the whole response before it outputs the processed data. Set this option when you want to continuously display a prettified long-lived response, such as one from the Twitter streaming API. It is useful also without --pretty: It ensures that the output is flushed more often and in smaller chunks. --output FILE, -o FILE Save output to FILE instead of stdout. If --download is also set, then only the response body is saved to FILE. Other parts of the HTTP exchange are printed to stderr. --download, -d Do not print the response body to stdout. Rather, download it and store it in a file. The filename is guessed unless specified with --output [filename]. This action is similar to the default behaviour of wget. --continue, -c Resume an interrupted download. Note that the --output option needs to be specified as well.Sessions: --session SESSION_NAME_OR_PATH Create, or reuse and update a session. Within a session, custom headers, auth credential, as well as any cookies sent by the server persist between requests. Session files are stored in: /Users/zhongxin/.httpie/sessions/<HOST>/<SESSION_NAME>.json. --session-read-only SESSION_NAME_OR_PATH Create or read a session without updating it form the request/response exchange.Authentication: --auth USER[:PASS], -a USER[:PASS] If only the username is provided (-a username), HTTPie will prompt for the password. --auth-type {basic,digest}, -A {basic,digest} The authentication mechanism to be used. Defaults to "basic". "basic": Basic HTTP auth "digest": Digest HTTP authNetwork: --proxy PROTOCOL:PROXY_URL String mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy (e.g. http:http://foo.bar:3128). You can specify multiple proxies with different protocols. --follow, -F Follow 30x Location redirects. --max-redirects MAX_REDIRECTS By default, requests have a limit of 30 redirects (works with --follow). --timeout SECONDS The connection timeout of the request in seconds. The default value is 30 seconds. --check-status By default, HTTPie exits with 0 when no network or other fatal errors occur. This flag instructs HTTPie to also check the HTTP status code and exit with an error if the status indicates one. When the server replies with a 4xx (Client Error) or 5xx (Server Error) status code, HTTPie exits with 4 or 5 respectively. If the response is a 3xx (Redirect) and --follow hasn't been set, then the exit status is 3. Also an error message is written to stderr if stdout is redirected.SSL: --verify VERIFY Set to "no" (or "false") to skip checking the host's SSL certificate. Defaults to "yes" ("true"). You can also pass the path to a CA_BUNDLE file for private certs. (Or you can set the REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE environment variable instead.) --ssl {ssl2.3,tls1,tls1.1,tls1.2} The desired protocol version to use. This will default to SSL v2.3 which will negotiate the highest protocol that both the server and your installation of OpenSSL support. Available protocols may vary depending on OpenSSL installation (only the supported ones are shown here). --cert CERT You can specify a local cert to use as client side SSL certificate. This file may either contain both private key and certificate or you may specify --cert-key separately. --cert-key CERT_KEY The private key to use with SSL. Only needed if --cert is given and the certificate file does not contain the private key.Troubleshooting: --ignore-stdin, -I Do not attempt to read stdin. --help Show this help message and exit. --version Show version and exit. --traceback Prints the exception traceback should one occur. --default-scheme DEFAULT_SCHEME The default scheme to use if not specified in the URL. --debug Prints the exception traceback should one occur, as well as other information useful for debugging HTTPie itself and for reporting bugs.For every --OPTION there is also a --no-OPTION that reverts OPTIONto its default value.Suggestions and bug reports are greatly appreciated: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues
*/创建一个简单的Flask项目进行测试
代码语言：javascript复制from flask import Flaskapp = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/')def hello_world(): return 'Hello World!'if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()语法格式
代码语言：javascript复制http [flags] [METHOD] URL [ITEM [ITEM]]get请求
代码语言：javascript复制$ http urlzhongxindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhongxin$ http http://127.0.0.1:5000/HTTP/1.0 200 OKContent-Length: 12Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2019 15:16:27 GMTServer: Werkzeug/0.15.5 Python/3.7.1Hello World!
post请求
把测试代码改一改
代码语言：javascript复制from flask import Flask, requestapp = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/', methods=['POST', 'GET'])def hello_world(): if request.method == 'GET': return 'Hello World!' elif request.method == 'POST': data = request.get_data() return dataif __name__ == '__main__': app.run()$ http url key=value key=value$ http POST url key=value key=valuezhongxindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhongxin$ http http://127.0.0.1:5000/ name='zx' age=25HTTP/1.0 200 OKContent-Length: 27Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2019 15:21:13 GMTServer: Werkzeug/0.15.5 Python/3.7.1{ "age": "25", "name": "zx"}
delete请求
再修改一下测试代码
代码语言：javascript复制@app.route('/', methods=['POST', 'GET','DELETE'])def hello_world(): if request.method == 'GET': return 'Hello World!' elif request.method == 'POST': data = request.get_data() return data elif request.method =='DELETE': return '删啥呢'$ http DELETE http://127.0.0.1:5000/zhongxindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhongxin$ http DELETE http://127.0.0.1:5000/HTTP/1.0 200 OKContent-Length: 9Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2019 15:24:14 GMTServer: Werkzeug/0.15.5 Python/3.7.1删啥呢
其他请求也类似
form表单
先安装一下 flask-wtf
$ pip install flask-wtffrom flask import Flask, requestfrom flask_wtf import FlaskFormfrom wtforms import StringField, TextAreaFieldapp = Flask(__name__)class MyForm(FlaskForm): name = StringField('Name') age = TextAreaField('Age')@app.route('/', methods=['POST', 'GET', 'DELETE'])def hello_world(): if request.method == 'GET': return 'Hello World!' elif request.method == 'POST': form = MyForm(csrf_enabled=False) name = form.name.data age = form.age.data return f'从form表单拿到的name:{name},age:{age}' elif request.method == 'DELETE': return '删啥呢'if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()$ http -f http://127.0.0.1:5000/ name=zx age=25HTTP/1.0 200 OKContent-Length: 36Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2019 15:35:00 GMTServer: Werkzeug/0.15.5 Python/3.7.1从form表单拿到的name:zx,age:25
使用 -v查看请求的全部信息
zhongxindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhongxin$ http -f -v http://127.0.0.1:5000/ name=zx age=25POST / HTTP/1.1Accept: */*Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateConnection: keep-aliveContent-Length: 14Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8Host: 127.0.0.1:5000User-Agent: HTTPie/1.0.3name=zx&age=25HTTP/1.0 200 OKContent-Length: 36Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2019 15:36:31 GMTServer: Werkzeug/0.15.5 Python/3.7.1从form表单拿到的name:zx,age:25
查询字符串产生
url?xx=xx&xx=xx
使用两个 =：name==zx age==25
$ http -v http://127.0.0.1:5000/ name==zx age==25zhongxindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhongxin$ http -v http://127.0.0.1:5000/ name==zx age==25GET /?name=zx&age=25 HTTP/1.1Accept: */*Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateConnection: keep-aliveHost: 127.0.0.1:5000User-Agent: HTTPie/1.0.3HTTP/1.0 200 OKContent-Length: 12Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2019 15:39:24 GMTServer: Werkzeug/0.15.5 Python/3.7.1Hello World!
修改请求头
代码语言：javascript复制$ http -v http://127.0.0.1:5000/ User-Agent:666GET / HTTP/1.1Accept: */*Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateConnection: keep-aliveHost: 127.0.0.1:5000User-Agent: 666HTTP/1.0 200 OKContent-Length: 12Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2019 15:40:42 GMTServer: Werkzeug/0.15.5 Python/3.7.1Hello World!
传递JSON
代码语言：javascript复制http -v http://127.0.0.1:5000/ z:=[1,2,3]zhongxindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhongxin$ http -v http://127.0.0.1:5000/ z:=[1,2,3]POST / HTTP/1.1Accept: application/json, */*Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateConnection: keep-aliveContent-Length: 16Content-Type: application/jsonHost: 127.0.0.1:5000User-Agent: HTTPie/1.0.3{ "z": [ 1, 2, 3 ]}HTTP/1.0 200 OKContent-Length: 32Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2019 15:46:40 GMTServer: Werkzeug/0.15.5 Python/3.7.1从form表单拿到的name:,age:
上传文件
代码语言：javascript复制class MyForm(FlaskForm): name = StringField('Name') age = TextAreaField('Age') photo = FileField('Photo')$ http -v -f http://127.0.0.1:5000/ age=25 name=zx photo@/Users/zhongxin/Desktop/httpie_test/小哀.pngzhongxindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhongxin$ http -v -f http://127.0.0.1:5000/ age=25 name=zx photo@/Users/zhongxin/Desktop/httpie_test/小哀.pngPOST / HTTP/1.1Accept: */*Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateConnection: keep-aliveContent-Length: 1307355Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=e9ff6d5440b8069e68bf49813d0a5dddHost: 127.0.0.1:5000User-Agent: HTTPie/1.0.3 ----------------------------------------- | NOTE: binary data not shown in terminal | ----------------------------------------- HTTP/1.0 200 OKContent-Length: 36Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2019 16:09:15 GMTServer: Werkzeug/0.15.5 Python/3.7.1从form表单拿到的name:zx,age:25
小结
name:value修改请求头name==valueurl查询字符串参数name=valueJSON或者加-f变为form表单提交name:=value传递JSON的布尔，数值，嵌套，Array类型「类似python列表」name@/dir/file以form表单来上传文件
获取请求和响应信息
- 获取响应头:
-h - 获取响应体:
-b - 获取请求头:
-p H或--print=H - 获取请求体:
-p B或--print=B
认证
Flask例子懒得打了，就这样看看好了
Basic auth
代码语言：javascript复制$ http -a username:password example.orgDigest auth
代码语言：javascript复制$ http -A digest -a username:password example.orgSessions
代码语言：javascript复制# 创建新会话$ http --session=/tmp/session.json example.org API-Token:123# 使用旧的会话信息$ http --session=/tmp/session.json example.org
