作者:杨奇龙 标签:MySQL、无索引、删除亿级数据 转自:yangyidba(yangyidba)
一 业务需求
某业务表a 数据量大约4.7亿,单表物理大小为370G,其中某些指定xxid='xxx'值的记录大约2亿。受限于磁盘空间比较紧张,需要对在无索引的情况下删除无效数据。如何优雅的删除呢?
二 思路
2.1 xxid本身有索引
存在索引的情况下就比较简单,直接利用索引进行删除,写一个for 循环语句 每次删除500行,每次判断delete 影响的行数可以累加计算删除了多少行,直到删除结果为0行。
代码语言:javascript复制delete from a where xxid='xxx' limit 500 ;
那么问题来了 ,如果要求不能创建索引怎么处理?
2.2 xxid 字段无索引
因为表占用的空间已经比较大 370G ,再添加索引会更大。因为没有索引,故我们不能直接像方法一 那样 根据 where xxxid='xxx' 删除数据,那样更慢,可能会引发故障。
我们采取分而治之的方式,基于主键把表的数据分段,比如每段1000行-2000行(如果主键id不连续 则实际数据量会小于指定分段数据)。然后在这1000行里面删除指定的数据,这样delete的执行效率会比直接依赖 xxxid='xxx' 好很多。
代码语言:javascript复制1 select min(a.id) min_id,max(a.id) max_id from (select id from a where id>{init_id} order by id limit 1000) a
2 delete from a where xxid='xxx' and id >=min_id and id <=max_id
3 init_id = max_id
代码如下:
代码语言:javascript复制def get_current_max_id(): """ 获取当前最大的id :return: """ get_max_id = """select max(a.id) max_id from a""" try: mydb = pymysql.connect( host=IP, port=int(PORT), user=USER, read_timeout=5, write_timeout=5, charset='utf8', autocommit=True) cursor = mydb.cursor(pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) cursor.execute(get_max_id) data = cursor.fetchall() except Exception as e: print traceback.format_exc(e) exit(0) finally: mydb.close()
print "we get max id of table : %s" % (data[0]['max_id']) return data[0]['max_id']
def get_min_max_id(min_id): """
:param min_id: :return: """ get_ids = """select min(a.id) min_id,max(a.id) max_id from (select id from a where id>{init_id} order by id limit 2000) a""".format(init_id=min_id)
try: mydb = pymysql.connect( host=IP, port=int(PORT), user=USER, read_timeout=5, write_timeout=5, charset='utf8', database='test', autocommit=True) cursor = mydb.cursor(pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) cursor.execute(get_ids) data = cursor.fetchall() except Exception as e: print traceback.format_exc(e) exit(0) finally: mydb.close()
return data[0]['min_id'], data[0]['max_id']
def del_tokens(min_id, max_id): """ :param min_id: :param max_id: :return: """ del_token = """delete from a where client_id in ('xxx','yyy') and id>=%s and id<=%s """ try: mydb = pymysql.connect( host=IP, port=int(PORT), user=USER, read_timeout=5, write_timeout=5, charset='utf8', database='test', autocommit=True) cursor = mydb.cursor(pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) rows = cursor.execute(del_token, (min_id, max_id)) except Exception as e: print traceback.format_exc(e) exit(0) finally: mydb.close()
return rows
def get_last_del_id(file_name): if not os.path.exists(file_name): print "{file} is not exist ,exit .".format(file=file_name) exit(-1)
with open(file_name, 'r') as fh: del_id = fh.readline().strip()
if not del_id.isdigit(): print "it is '{delid}', not a num , exit ".format(delid=del_id) exit(-1)
return del_id
def main(): file_name = '/tmp/del_aid.id' rows_deleted = 0 maxid = get_current_max_id() init_id = get_last_del_id(file_name)
while True: min_id, max_id = get_min_max_id(init_id) if max_id > maxid: with open('/tmp/del_aid.id', 'w') as f: f.write(str(min_id)) print "delete end at : {end_id}".format(end_id=init_id) exit(0)
rows = del_tokens(int(min_id), int(max_id)) init_id = max_id rows_deleted = rows print "delete at %d ,and we have deleted %d rows " % (max_id, rows_deleted) time.sleep(0.3) ### 可以控制每秒删除的速度
if __name__ == '__main__': main()
这个脚本可以记录上一次的id,用上一次id 作为 init_id进行删除。第一次使用的时候需要手工初始化/tmp/del_aid.id 比如写入 0 或者符合条件的最小主键 id。
2.3 如何更快速的删除
这个环节就当做思考题吧,可以不考虑从库的延迟。大家有什么好的思路,可以分享一下。