浏览器中的手写数字识别

2019-07-02 14:50:11 浏览数 (1)

随着TensorFlow 2.0 alpha的发布,TensorFlow.js更新到首个正式版本1.0,TensorFlow的官网也增加了TensorFlow.js的文档,这说明TensorFlow.js不再是一个试验品。作为一名浏览器内核研发工程师,对TensorFlow.js自然充满了兴趣。

Javascript语言这些年来四处攻城掠地,服务端有Node.js,移动前端开发更是大热,就连桌面应用也有JS的身影,比如最近火热的Visual Studio Code,现在又渗透到人工智能领域。不得不感概,当年匆忙设计出来,饱受批评的一门脚本语言,竟然生命力这么顽强。

闲话少说,下面就来看看在浏览器中训练模型是怎样的一种体验。

我之前写过一系列的《一步步提高手写数字的识别率(1)(2)(3)》,手写数字识别是一个非常好的入门项目,所以在这里我就以手写数字识别为例,说明在浏览器中如何训练模型。这里就不从最简单的线性回归模型开始,而是直接选用卷积神经网络。

和python代码中训练模型的步骤一样,使用TensorFlow.js在浏览器中训练模型的步骤主要有4步:

  • 加载数据。
  • 定义模型结构。
  • 训练模型并监控其训练时的表现。
  • 评估训练的模型。
加载数据

有过机器学习知识的朋友,应该对MNIST数据集不陌生,这是一套28x28大小手写数字的灰度图像,包含55000个训练样本,10000个测试样本,另外还有5000个交叉验证数据样本。tensorflow python提供了一个封装类,可以直接加载MNIST数据集,在TensorFlow.js中需要自己写代码加载:

代码语言:javascript复制
const IMAGE_SIZE = 784;
const NUM_CLASSES = 10;
const NUM_DATASET_ELEMENTS = 65000;

const TRAIN_TEST_RATIO = 5 / 6;

const NUM_TRAIN_ELEMENTS = Math.floor(TRAIN_TEST_RATIO * NUM_DATASET_ELEMENTS);
const NUM_TEST_ELEMENTS = NUM_DATASET_ELEMENTS - NUM_TRAIN_ELEMENTS;

const MNIST_IMAGES_SPRITE_PATH =
    'mnist_images.png';
const MNIST_LABELS_PATH =
    'mnist_labels_uint8';

/**
 * A class that fetches the sprited MNIST dataset and returns shuffled batches.
 *
 * NOTE: This will get much easier. For now, we do data fetching and
 * manipulation manually.
 */
export class MnistData {
  constructor() {
    this.shuffledTrainIndex = 0;
    this.shuffledTestIndex = 0;
  }

  async load() {
    // Make a request for the MNIST sprited image.
    const img = new Image();
    const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
    const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
    const imgRequest = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      img.crossOrigin = '';
      img.onload = () => {
        img.width = img.naturalWidth;
        img.height = img.naturalHeight;

        const datasetBytesBuffer =
            new ArrayBuffer(NUM_DATASET_ELEMENTS * IMAGE_SIZE * 4);

        const chunkSize = 5000;
        canvas.width = img.width;
        canvas.height = chunkSize;

        for (let i = 0; i < NUM_DATASET_ELEMENTS / chunkSize; i  ) {
          const datasetBytesView = new Float32Array(
              datasetBytesBuffer, i * IMAGE_SIZE * chunkSize * 4,
              IMAGE_SIZE * chunkSize);
          ctx.drawImage(
              img, 0, i * chunkSize, img.width, chunkSize, 0, 0, img.width,
              chunkSize);

          const imageData = ctx.getImageData(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);

          for (let j = 0; j < imageData.data.length / 4; j  ) {
            // All channels hold an equal value since the image is grayscale, so
            // just read the red channel.
            datasetBytesView[j] = imageData.data[j * 4] / 255;
          }
        }
        this.datasetImages = new Float32Array(datasetBytesBuffer);

        resolve();
      };
      img.src = MNIST_IMAGES_SPRITE_PATH;
    });

    const labelsRequest = fetch(MNIST_LABELS_PATH);
    const [imgResponse, labelsResponse] =
        await Promise.all([imgRequest, labelsRequest]);

    this.datasetLabels = new Uint8Array(await labelsResponse.arrayBuffer());

    // Create shuffled indices into the train/test set for when we select a
    // random dataset element for training / validation.
    this.trainIndices = tf.util.createShuffledIndices(NUM_TRAIN_ELEMENTS);
    this.testIndices = tf.util.createShuffledIndices(NUM_TEST_ELEMENTS);

    // Slice the the images and labels into train and test sets.
    this.trainImages =
        this.datasetImages.slice(0, IMAGE_SIZE * NUM_TRAIN_ELEMENTS);
    this.testImages = this.datasetImages.slice(IMAGE_SIZE * NUM_TRAIN_ELEMENTS);
    this.trainLabels =
        this.datasetLabels.slice(0, NUM_CLASSES * NUM_TRAIN_ELEMENTS);
    this.testLabels =
        this.datasetLabels.slice(NUM_CLASSES * NUM_TRAIN_ELEMENTS);
  }

  nextTrainBatch(batchSize) {
    return this.nextBatch(
        batchSize, [this.trainImages, this.trainLabels], () => {
          this.shuffledTrainIndex =
              (this.shuffledTrainIndex   1) % this.trainIndices.length;
          return this.trainIndices[this.shuffledTrainIndex];
        });
  }

  nextTestBatch(batchSize) {
    return this.nextBatch(batchSize, [this.testImages, this.testLabels], () => {
      this.shuffledTestIndex =
          (this.shuffledTestIndex   1) % this.testIndices.length;
      return this.testIndices[this.shuffledTestIndex];
    });
  }

  nextBatch(batchSize, data, index) {
    const batchImagesArray = new Float32Array(batchSize * IMAGE_SIZE);
    const batchLabelsArray = new Uint8Array(batchSize * NUM_CLASSES);

    for (let i = 0; i < batchSize; i  ) {
      const idx = index();

      const image =
          data[0].slice(idx * IMAGE_SIZE, idx * IMAGE_SIZE   IMAGE_SIZE);
      batchImagesArray.set(image, i * IMAGE_SIZE);

      const label =
          data[1].slice(idx * NUM_CLASSES, idx * NUM_CLASSES   NUM_CLASSES);
      batchLabelsArray.set(label, i * NUM_CLASSES);
    }

    const xs = tf.tensor2d(batchImagesArray, [batchSize, IMAGE_SIZE]);
    const labels = tf.tensor2d(batchLabelsArray, [batchSize, NUM_CLASSES]);

    return {xs, labels};
  }
}

代码中,加载一个 mnist_images.png 图片,该图片是所有MNIST数据集的图像拼接而来(文件很大,大约10M),另外加载一个 mnist_labels_uint8 文本文件,包含所有的MNIST数据集对应的标签。

需要注意的是,这只是一种加载MNIST数据集的方法,你也可以使用一个手写数字一张图片的MNIST数据集,分次加载多个图片文件。

上述代码实现了一个MnistData类,它有两个公共方法:

  • nextTrainBatch(batchSize):从训练集中返回一组随机图像及其标签。
  • nextTestBatch(batchSize):从测试集中返回一批图像及其标签

为了检验上述代码是否工作正常,可以写一段代码显示加载的数据:

代码语言:javascript复制
async function showExamples(data) {
  // Create a container in the visor
  const surface =
    tfvis.visor().surface({ name: 'Input Data Examples', tab: 'Input Data'});

  // Get the examples
  const examples = data.nextTestBatch(20);
  const numExamples = examples.xs.shape[0];

  // Create a canvas element to render each example
  for (let i = 0; i < numExamples; i  ) {
    const imageTensor = tf.tidy(() => {
      // Reshape the image to 28x28 px
      return examples.xs
        .slice([i, 0], [1, examples.xs.shape[1]])
        .reshape([28, 28, 1]);
    });

    const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
    canvas.width = 28;
    canvas.height = 28;
    canvas.style = 'margin: 4px;';
    await tf.browser.toPixels(imageTensor, canvas);
    surface.drawArea.appendChild(canvas);

    imageTensor.dispose();
  }
}

async function run() {
  const data = new MnistData();
  await data.load();
  await showExamples(data);
}

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', run);
定义模型结构

关于卷积神经网络,可以参阅《一步步提高手写数字的识别率(3)》这篇文章,这里定义的卷积网络结构为:

CONV -> MAXPOOlING -> CONV -> MAXPOOLING -> FC -> SOFTMAX

每个卷积层使用RELU激活函数,代码如下:

代码语言:javascript复制
function getModel() {
  const model = tf.sequential();

  const IMAGE_WIDTH = 28;
  const IMAGE_HEIGHT = 28;
  const IMAGE_CHANNELS = 1;

  // In the first layer of out convolutional neural network we have
  // to specify the input shape. Then we specify some paramaters for
  // the convolution operation that takes place in this layer.
  model.add(tf.layers.conv2d({
    inputShape: [IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT, IMAGE_CHANNELS],
    kernelSize: 5,
    filters: 8,
    strides: 1,
    activation: 'relu',
    kernelInitializer: 'varianceScaling'
  }));

  // The MaxPooling layer acts as a sort of downsampling using max values
  // in a region instead of averaging.
  model.add(tf.layers.maxPooling2d({poolSize: [2, 2], strides: [2, 2]}));

  // Repeat another conv2d   maxPooling stack.
  // Note that we have more filters in the convolution.
  model.add(tf.layers.conv2d({
    kernelSize: 5,
    filters: 16,
    strides: 1,
    activation: 'relu',
    kernelInitializer: 'varianceScaling'
  }));
  model.add(tf.layers.maxPooling2d({poolSize: [2, 2], strides: [2, 2]}));

  // Now we flatten the output from the 2D filters into a 1D vector to prepare
  // it for input into our last layer. This is common practice when feeding
  // higher dimensional data to a final classification output layer.
  model.add(tf.layers.flatten());

  // Our last layer is a dense layer which has 10 output units, one for each
  // output class (i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
  const NUM_OUTPUT_CLASSES = 10;
  model.add(tf.layers.dense({
    units: NUM_OUTPUT_CLASSES,
    kernelInitializer: 'varianceScaling',
    activation: 'softmax'
  }));

  // Choose an optimizer, loss function and accuracy metric,
  // then compile and return the model
  const optimizer = tf.train.adam();
  model.compile({
    optimizer: optimizer,
    loss: 'categoricalCrossentropy',
    metrics: ['accuracy'],
  });

  return model;
}

如果有过tensorflow python代码编写经验,上面的代码应该很容易理解。

训练模型并监控其训练时的表现

在浏览器中训练,也可以批量输入图像数据,可以指定batch size,epoch轮次。

代码语言:javascript复制
async function train(model, data) {
  const metrics = ['loss', 'val_loss', 'acc', 'val_acc'];
  const container = {
    name: 'Model Training', styles: { height: '1000px' }
  };
  const fitCallbacks = tfvis.show.fitCallbacks(container, metrics);

  const BATCH_SIZE = 512;
  const TRAIN_DATA_SIZE = 5500;
  const TEST_DATA_SIZE = 1000;

  const [trainXs, trainYs] = tf.tidy(() => {
    const d = data.nextTrainBatch(TRAIN_DATA_SIZE);
    return [
      d.xs.reshape([TRAIN_DATA_SIZE, 28, 28, 1]),
      d.labels
    ];
  });

  const [testXs, testYs] = tf.tidy(() => {
    const d = data.nextTestBatch(TEST_DATA_SIZE);
    return [
      d.xs.reshape([TEST_DATA_SIZE, 28, 28, 1]),
      d.labels
    ];
  });

  return model.fit(trainXs, trainYs, {
    batchSize: BATCH_SIZE,
    validationData: [testXs, testYs],
    epochs: 10,
    shuffle: true,
    callbacks: fitCallbacks
  });
}

和python代码相比,fit多了一个callbacks参数。需要注意的是,训练过程比较长,我们不能阻塞浏览器主线程,代码中大多时候需要异步方法。而callbacks可以通知主线程更新,这里借用了tfvis库,可以可视化训练过程(类似于tensorboard),但这里是在网页上显示。

评估训练的模型

评估时喂入测试集,代码也和python版本类似:

代码语言:javascript复制
function doPrediction(model, data, testDataSize = 500) {
  const IMAGE_WIDTH = 28;
  const IMAGE_HEIGHT = 28;
  const testData = data.nextTestBatch(testDataSize);
  const testxs = testData.xs.reshape([testDataSize, IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT, 1]);
  const labels = testData.labels.argMax([-1]);
  const preds = model.predict(testxs).argMax([-1]);

  testxs.dispose();
  return [preds, labels];
}

如果我们希望更直观的显示每个类别的精确度以及错误的分类,可以借助tfvis库:

代码语言:javascript复制
async function showAccuracy(model, data) {
  const [preds, labels] = doPrediction(model, data);
  const classAccuracy = await tfvis.metrics.perClassAccuracy(labels, preds);
  const container = {name: 'Accuracy', tab: 'Evaluation'};
  tfvis.show.perClassAccuracy(container, classAccuracy, classNames);

  labels.dispose();
}

async function showConfusion(model, data) {
  const [preds, labels] = doPrediction(model, data);
  const confusionMatrix = await tfvis.metrics.confusionMatrix(labels, preds);
  const container = {name: 'Confusion Matrix', tab: 'Evaluation'};
  tfvis.render.confusionMatrix(
      container, {values: confusionMatrix}, classNames);

  labels.dispose();
}

评估结果如下图所示:

关于TensorFlow.js

TensowFlow.js借助于WebGL,可以加速训练过程。如果浏览器不支持WebGL,也不会出错,只不过会走CPU的路径,当然速度也会慢很多。

虽然通过WebGL,也利用上了GPU,但对于大规模深度学习模型,在浏览器中训练也不现实,这个时候我们也可以在server上训练好模型,转换为TensorFlow.js可用的模型格式,在浏览器中加载模型,并进行推断,关于这个话题,请关注后续的文章。

以上示例有完整的代码,点击阅读原文,跳转到我在github上建的示例代码。 另外,你也可以在浏览器中直接访问:http://ilego.club/ai/index.html ,直接体验浏览器中的机器学习。

参考文献:

  1. tensorflow官网
  2. TensorFlow.js — Handwritten digit recognition with CNNs

你还可以读

  1. 一步步提高手写数字的识别率(1)(2)(3)
  2. TensorFlow.js简介

0 人点赞