在使用 Matplotlib 绘制三维曲面图时,可能会遇到一些常见的问题。今天我将全程详细讲解下遇到问题并且找到应对方法的全部过程,希望能帮助大家。
1、问题背景
在使用 matplotlib 绘制三维曲面图时,遇到了一个问题。代码如下:
代码语言:javascript复制import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import cm
import numpy
def H(n, f, l, delta, H_abs, H_ph):
c0 = 2.99796e8
n0 = 1.00027 0j
n1 = complex(n[0], n[1])
Sum = 0
for i in range(1, delta 1):
Sum = Sum ((n0-n1)*exp(complex(0,-1*2*pi*f*n1*l/c0))/(n1 n0))**i
H_Theo = 4*n0*n1*exp(complex(0,2*pi*f*l)*(n0-n1)/c0)*(1 Sum)/(n0 n1)
M = abs(H_Theo) - H_abs
A = cmath.phase(H_Theo) - H_ph
return abs(M) abs(A)
freq = 1213188709257.4814
l_real = 6.77e-4
d = 0
H_abs = 0.798653104536778
H_ph = 2.1845744701729926
n_test = numpy.arange(1.5, 2.5, 0.01).tolist()
k_test = numpy.arange(-0.05, 0.05, 0.001).tolist()
X = n_test
Y = k_test
X, Y = numpy.meshgrid(X, Y)
errore = []
for i in range(len(n_test)):
errore.append(H([X[i],Y[i]], freq, l_real, d, H_abs, H_ph))
Z = errore
fig2 = plt.figure()
az = fig2.gca(projection='3d')
az.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=8, cstride=8, alpha=0.3)
cset = az.contour(X, Y, Z, zdir='z', offset=min(Z)-1, cmap=cm.coolwarm)
cset = az.contour(X, Y, Z, zdir='x', offset=min(X)-1, cmap=cm.coolwarm)
cset = az.contour(X, Y, Z, zdir='y', offset=max(Y) 0.05, cmap=cm.coolwarm)
az.set_xlabel('n')
az.set_xlim(min(X)-1, max(X) 1)
az.set_ylabel('k')
az.set_ylim(min(Y)-0.05, max(Y) 0.05)
az.set_zlabel('Err')
az.set_zlim(min(Z)-1, max(Z) 1)
plt.show()
运行这段代码时,出现了如下错误:
代码语言:javascript复制n1 = complex(n[0], n[1])
TypeError: only length-1 arrays can be converted to Python scalars
2、解决方案
这个问题是由于在将 n 传递给 complex 函数时,n 是一个一维数组,而 complex 函数期望的是标量参数。为了解决这个问题,可以将 n 中的第一个元素和第二个元素分别作为实部和虚部传给 complex 函数,即:
代码语言:javascript复制n1 = complex(n[0], n[1])
修改后的代码如下:
代码语言:javascript复制import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import cm
import numpy
def H(n, f, l, delta, H_abs, H_ph):
c0 = 2.99796e8
n0 = 1.00027 0j
n1 = n[0] 1j * n[1]
Sum = 0
for i in range(1, delta 1):
Sum = Sum ((n0-n1)*numpy.exp(-1*2*numpy.pi*f*n1*l/c0)/(n1 n0))**i
H_Theo = 4*n0*n1*numpy.exp(2*numpy.pi*f*l*(n0-n1)/c0)*(1 Sum)/(n0 n1)
M = numpy.abs(H_Theo) - H_abs
A = numpy.angle(H_Theo) - H_ph
return abs(M) abs(A)
freq = 1213188709257.4814
l_real = 6.77e-4
d = 0
H_abs = 0.798653104536778
H_ph = 2.1845744701729926
n_test = numpy.arange(1.5, 2.5, 0.01).tolist()
k_test = numpy.arange(-0.05, 0.05, 0.001).tolist()
X = n_test
Y = k_test
X, Y = numpy.meshgrid(X, Y)
errore = []
for i in range(len(n_test)):
errore.append(H([X[i],Y[i]], freq, l_real, d, H_abs, H_ph))
Z = errore
fig2 = plt.figure()
az = fig2.gca(projection='3d')
az.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=8, cstride=8, alpha=0.3)
cset = az.contour(X, Y, Z, zdir='z', offset=numpy.min(Z)-1, cmap=cm.coolwarm)
cset = az.contour(X, Y, Z, zdir='x', offset=numpy.min(X)-1, cmap=cm.coolwarm)
cset = az.contour(X, Y, Z, zdir='y', offset=numpy.max(Y) 0.05, cmap=cm.coolwarm)
az.set_xlabel('n')
az.set_xlim(numpy.min(X)-1, numpy.max(X) 1)
az.set_ylabel('k')
az.set_ylim(numpy.min(Y)-0.05, numpy.max(Y) 0.05)
az.set_zlabel('Err')
az.set_zlim(numpy.min(Z)-1, numpy.max(Z) 1)
plt.show()
现在,代码可以正常运行,并绘制出三维曲面图。
通过仔细检查并尝试解决上述问题,你应该能够成功绘制出所需的三维曲面图。如果问题仍然存在,可以考虑查阅 Matplotlib 官方文档或在相关的社区论坛上寻求帮助。