1. socket IPC
socket API原本是为网络通讯设计的,但后来在socket的框架上发展出一种IPC机制,就是UNIX Domain Socket。虽然网络socket也可用于同一台主机的进程间通讯(通过loopback地址127.0.0.1),但是UNIX Domain Socket用于IPC更有效率:不需要经过网络协议栈,不需要打包拆包、计算校验和、维护序号和应答等,只是将应用层数据从一个进程拷贝到另一个进程。这是因为,IPC机制本质上是可靠的通讯,而网络协议是为不可靠的通讯设计的。UNIX Domain Socket也提供面向流和面向数据包两种API接口,类似于TCP和UDP,但是面向消息的UNIX Domain Socket也是可靠的,消息既不会丢失也不会顺序错乱。
UNIX Domain Socket是全双工的,API接口语义丰富,相比其它IPC机制有明显的优越性,目前已成为使用最广泛的IPC机制,比如X Window服务器和GUI程序之间就是通过UNIXDomain Socket通讯的。
使用UNIX Domain Socket的过程和网络socket十分相似,也要先调用socket()创建一个socket文件描述符,address family指定为AF_UNIX,type可以选择SOCK_DGRAM或SOCK_STREAM,protocol参数仍然指定为0即可。
UNIX Domain Socket与网络socket编程最明显的不同在于地址格式不同,用结构体sockaddr_un表示,网络编程的socket地址是IP地址加端口号,而UNIX Domain Socket的地址是一个socket类型的文件在文件系统中的路径,这个socket文件由bind()调用创建,如果调用bind()时该文件已存在,则bind()错误返回。
对比网络套接字地址结构和本地套接字地址结构:
代码语言:javascript复制struct sockaddr_in {
__kernel_sa_family_t sin_family; /* Address family */ 地址结构类型
__be16 sin_port; /* Port number */ 端口号
struct in_addr sin_addr; /* Internet address */ IP地址
};
struct sockaddr_un {
__kernel_sa_family_t sun_family; /* AF_UNIX */ 地址结构类型
char sun_path[UNIX_PATH_MAX]; /* pathname */ socket文件名(含路径)
};
以下程序将UNIX Domain socket绑定到一个地址。
代码语言:javascript复制size = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) strlen(un.sun_path);
#define offsetof(type, member) ((int)&((type *)0)->MEMBER)
2. 本地套接字通信机制
本地套接字通信需要一个文件(伪文件,不管写不写数据,伪文件在磁盘上的大小都是0,因为伪文件实际上是内核中的一块缓冲区)。
代码语言:javascript复制//sys/un.h
#define UNIX_PATH_MAX 108
struct sockaddr_un {
__kernel_sa_family_t sun_family;
char sun_path[UNIX_PATH_MAX];
};
在进程间通信专题中,我们讲到过管道,管道的类型是p,本地套接字的类型是s,管道和本地套接字本质都是内核缓冲区。比如管道,通过操作磁盘管道文件可以操作内核缓冲区,而实际上读写数据都是操作的内核缓冲区,所以磁盘管道文件大小一直是0,这就是伪文件,本地套接字与之类似。
本地套接字通信示意图如下,可以通过TCP或UDP实现本地套接字。
3. TCP来实现本地套接字
下面介绍通过TCP来实现本地套接字的过程
- 服务器端
- 创建套接字
- int lfd = socket(AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
绑定 -
struct sockaddr_un serv;
serv.sun_family = AF_LOCAL; //AF_UNIX/AF_LOCAL
strcpy(serv.sun_path, "server.socket"); —— 现在还不存在(linux下的文件后缀都是自己起的)
bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr8)&serv, len); —— 绑定成功套接字server.socket文件就被创建(我们只负责起个名字,它是在bind成功后自动被创建的)
设置监听:listen();
等待接收连接请求
struct sockaddr_un client;
int len = sizeof(client);
- int cfd = accept(ldf, &client, &len);
- - 通信
- send
- recv
- - 断开连接
- close(cfd);
- close(lfd);
-客户端
- - 创建套接字
int fd = socket(AF_LOCAL,SOCK_STREAM, 0);
- 绑定一个套接字文件
struct sockaddr_un client;
client.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
strcpy(client.sun_path, "client.socket");
bind(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&client, len);
- 连接服务器
struct sockaddr_un serv;
serv.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
strcpy(serv.sun_path, "server.socket"); - -现在还不存在
connect(fd, &serv, sizeof(server));
- 通信
- recv
- send
- - 关闭
- close
4. 客户端与服务端实现
server
代码语言:javascript复制#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define QLEN 10
/*
* Create a server endpoint of a connection.
* Returns fd if all OK, <0 on error.
*/
int serv_listen(const char *name)
{
int fd, len, err, rval;
struct sockaddr_un un;
/* create a UNIX domain stream socket */
if ((fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
return(-1);
/* in case it already exists */
unlink(name);
/* fill in socket address structure */
memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));
un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
strcpy(un.sun_path, name);
len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) strlen(name);
/* bind the name to the descriptor */
if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0) {
rval = -2;
goto errout;
}
if (listen(fd, QLEN) < 0) { /* tell kernel we're a server */
rval = -3;
goto errout;
}
return(fd);
errout:
err = errno;
close(fd);
errno = err;
return(rval);
}
int serv_accept(int listenfd, uid_t *uidptr)
{
int clifd, len, err, rval;
time_t staletime;
struct sockaddr_un un;
struct stat statbuf;
len = sizeof(un);
if ((clifd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, &len)) < 0)
return(-1); /* often errno=EINTR, if signal caught */
/* obtain the client's uid from its calling address */
len -= offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path); /* len of pathname */
un.sun_path[len] = 0; /* null terminate */
if (stat(un.sun_path, &statbuf) < 0) {
rval = -2;
goto errout;
}
if (S_ISSOCK(statbuf.st_mode) == 0) {
rval = -3; /* not a socket */
goto errout;
}
if (uidptr != NULL)
*uidptr = statbuf.st_uid; /* return uid of caller */
/* we're done with pathname now */
unlink(un.sun_path);
return(clifd);
errout:
err = errno;
close(clifd);
errno = err;
return(rval);
}
int main(void)
{
int lfd, cfd, n, i;
uid_t cuid;
char buf[1024];
lfd = serv_listen("foo.socket");
if (lfd < 0) {
switch (lfd) {
case -3:perror("listen"); break;
case -2:perror("bind"); break;
case -1:perror("socket"); break;
}
exit(-1);
}
cfd = serv_accept(lfd, &cuid);
if (cfd < 0) {
switch (cfd) {
case -3:perror("not a socket"); break;
case -2:perror("a bad filename"); break;
case -1:perror("accept"); break;
}
exit(-1);
}
while (1) {
r_again:
n = read(cfd, buf, 1024);
if (n == -1) {
if (errno == EINTR)
goto r_again;
}
else if (n == 0) {
printf("the other side has been closed.n");
break;
}
for (i = 0; i < n; i )
buf[i] = toupper(buf[i]);
write(cfd, buf, n);
}
close(cfd);
close(lfd);
return 0;
}
client
代码语言:javascript复制#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define CLI_PATH "/var/tmp/" /* 5 for pid = 14 chars */
/*
* Create a client endpoint and connect to a server.
* Returns fd if all OK, <0 on error.
*/
int cli_conn(const char *name)
{
int fd, len, err, rval;
struct sockaddr_un un;
/* create a UNIX domain stream socket */
if ((fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
return(-1);
/* fill socket address structure with our address */
memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));
un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
sprintf(un.sun_path, "%sd", CLI_PATH, getpid());
len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) strlen(un.sun_path);
/* in case it already exists */
unlink(un.sun_path);
if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0) {
rval = -2;
goto errout;
}
/* fill socket address structure with server's address */
memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));
un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
strcpy(un.sun_path, name);
len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) strlen(name);
if (connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0) {
rval = -4;
goto errout;
}
return(fd);
errout:
err = errno;
close(fd);
errno = err;
return(rval);
}
int main(void)
{
int fd, n;
char buf[1024];
fd = cli_conn("foo.socket");
if (fd < 0) {
switch (fd) {
case -4:perror("connect"); break;
case -3:perror("listen"); break;
case -2:perror("bind"); break;
case -1:perror("socket"); break;
}
exit(-1);
}
while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) != NULL) {
write(fd, buf, strlen(buf));
n = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n);
}
close(fd);
return 0;
}