模拟实现.NET中的Task机制:探索异步编程的奥秘

2023-11-14 18:59:04 浏览数 (2)

前言

.NET 中使用Task可以方便地编写异步程序,为了更好地理解Task及其调度机制,接下来模拟Task的实现,目的是搞清楚:

1、Task是什么

2、Task是如何被调度的

基本的Task模拟实现

从最基本的Task用法开始

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Task.Run(Action action)

这个命令的作用是将action作为一项任务提交给调度器,调度器会安排空闲线程来处理。我们使用Job来模拟Task

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public class Job
{
    private readonly Action _work;

    public Job(Action work) => _work = work;
    public JobStatus Status { get; internal set; }

    internal protected virtual void Invoke()
    {
        Status = JobStatus.Running;
        _work();
        Status = JobStatus.Completed;
    }

    public void Start(JobScheduler? scheduler = null)
        => (scheduler ?? JobScheduler.Current).QueueJob(this);

    public static Job Run(Action work)
    {
        var job = new Job(work);
        job.Start();
        return job;
    }
}

public enum JobStatus
{
    Created,
    Scheduled,
    Running,
    Completed
}

这里也定义了同Task一样的静态Run方法,使用方式也与Task类似

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Job.Run(() => Console.WriteLine($"Job1, thread:{Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}"));

作为对比,使用Task时的写法如下,多了await关键字,后文会讨论。

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await Task.Run(()=>() => Console.WriteLine($"Task1, thread:{Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}"));
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public abstract class JobScheduler
{
    public abstract void QueueJob(Job job);
    public static JobScheduler Current { get; set; } = new ThreadPoolJobScheduler();
}

ThreadPoolJobScheduler实现的QueueJob如下:

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public class ThreadPoolJobScheduler : JobScheduler
{
    public override void QueueJob(Job job)
    {
        job.Status = JobStatus.Scheduled;
        var executionContext = ExecutionContext.Capture();
        ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(_ => ExecutionContext.Run(executionContext!,
            _ => job.Invoke(), null));
    }
}
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public class DedicatedThreadJobScheduler : JobScheduler
{
    private readonly BlockingCollection<Job> _queues=new();
    private readonly Thread[] _threads;

    public DedicatedThreadJobScheduler(int threadCount)
    {
        _threads=new Thread[threadCount];
        for(int index=0; index< threadCount; index  )
        {
            _threads[index] =new Thread(Invoke);
        }
        Array.ForEach(_threads, thread=>thread.Start());

        void Invoke(object? state){
            while(true){
                _queues.Take().Invoke();
            }
        }
    }

    public override void QueueJob(Job job)
    {
        _queues.Add(job);
    }
}
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await Task.Factory.StartNew(LongRunningMethod, TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning);

static void LongRunningMethod()
{
    // Simulate a long-running operation
    Console.WriteLine("Long-running task started on thread {0}.", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
    Thread.Sleep(10000);
    Console.WriteLine("Long-running task finished on thread {0}.", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
}
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var taskA = Task.Run(() => DateTime.Now);
var taskB = taskA.ContinueWith(time => Console.WriteLine(time.Result));
await taskB;

模仿Task,我们给Job也添加ContinueWith方法。

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public class Job
{
    private readonly Action _work;
    private Job? _continue;

    public Job(Action work) => _work = work;
    public JobStatus Status { get; internal set; }

    internal protected virtual void Invoke()
    {
        Status = JobStatus.Running;
        _work();
        Status = JobStatus.Completed;
        _continue?.Start();
    }

    public void Start(JobScheduler? scheduler = null)
        => (scheduler ?? JobScheduler.Current).QueueJob(this);

    public static Job Run(Action work)
    {
        var job = new Job(work);
        job.Start();
        return job;
    }

    public Job ContinueWith(Action<Job> tobeContinued)
    {
        if (_continue == null)
        {
            var job = new Job(() => tobeContinued(this));
            _continue = job;
        }
        else
        {
            _continue.ContinueWith(tobeContinued);
        }
        return this;
    }
}
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Job.Run(() =>
{
    Thread.Sleep(1000);
    Console.WriteLine("11");
}).ContinueWith(_ =>
{
    Thread.Sleep(1000);
    Console.WriteLine("12");
});
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public TaskAwaiter GetAwaiter();

然后TaskAwaiter继承了ICriticalNotifyCompletion接口

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public readonly struct TaskAwaiter<TResult> : System.Runtime.CompilerServices.ICriticalNotifyCompletion

照猫画虎,也为Job添加一个最简单的JobAwaiter

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public class Job
{
    ...

    public JobAwaiter GetAwaiter() => new(this);
}

JobAwaiter的定义如下:

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public struct JobAwaiter : ICriticalNotifyCompletion
{
    private readonly Job _job;
    public readonly bool IsCompleted => _job.Status == JobStatus.Completed;

    public JobAwaiter(Job job)
    {
        _job = job;
        if (job.Status == JobStatus.Created)
        {
            job.Start();
        }
    }
    
    public void GetResult() { }

    public void OnCompleted(Action continuation)
    {
        _job.ContinueWith(_ => continuation());
    }

    public void UnsafeOnCompleted(Action continuation)
    => OnCompleted(continuation);
}

添加了await后,前面的代码也可以这样写:

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await F1();
await F2();

static Job F1() => new Job(() =>
{
        Thread.Sleep(1000);
        Console.WriteLine("11");
});

static Job F2() => new Job(() =>
{
        Thread.Sleep(1000);
        Console.WriteLine("12");
});

总结

回顾开头的两个问题,现在可以尝试给出答案了。

1、Task是什么,Task是一种有状态的操作(Created,Scheduled,Running,Completed),是对耗时操作的抽象,就像现实中的一项任务一样,它的执行需要相对较长的时间,它也有创建(Created),安排(Scheduled),执行(Running),完成(Completed)的基本过程。任务完成当然需要拿到结果的,这里的Job比较简单,没有模拟具体的结果;

2、Task是如何被调度的,默认采用基于线程池的调度,即创建好Task后,由线程池中的空闲线程执行,具体什么时候执行、由哪个线程执行,开发者是不用关心的,在具体执行过程中,但由于.NET全局线程池的局限,对于一些特殊场景无法满足时(比如需要立即执行Task),此时可以通过TaskCreationOptions更改调度行为;

另外,await是语法糖,它背后的实现是基于GetAwaiter,由其返回ICriticalNotifyCompletion接口的实现,并对ContinueWith做了封装。

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