作者:Frederic Descamps,MySQL 社区经理
本文和封面来源:https://blogs.oracle.com/,爱可生开源社区翻译。
如您所知,MySQL 8.2 发布了最令人期待的功能之一:读写分离[1]。
在这篇文章中,我们将了解如何将它与 MySQL-Connector/Python[2] 一起使用。
1架构
为了使用我们的 Python 程序,我们将使用 InnoDB Cluster。
以下是在 MySQL Shell 中查询 Cluster 的状态:
代码语言:javascript复制JS > cluster.status()
{
"clusterName": "fred",
"defaultReplicaSet": {
"name": "default",
"primary": "127.0.0.1:3310",
"ssl": "REQUIRED",
"status": "OK",
"statusText": "Cluster is ONLINE and can tolerate up to ONE failure.",
"topology": {
"127.0.0.1:3310": {
"address": "127.0.0.1:3310",
"memberRole": "PRIMARY",
"mode": "R/W",
"readReplicas": {},
"replicationLag": "applier_queue_applied",
"role": "HA",
"status": "ONLINE",
"version": "8.2.0"
},
"127.0.0.1:3320": {
"address": "127.0.0.1:3320",
"memberRole": "SECONDARY",
"mode": "R/O",
"readReplicas": {},
"replicationLag": "applier_queue_applied",
"role": "HA",
"status": "ONLINE",
"version": "8.2.0"
},
"127.0.0.1:3330": {
"address": "127.0.0.1:3330",
"memberRole": "SECONDARY",
"mode": "R/O",
"readReplicas": {},
"replicationLag": "applier_queue_applied",
"role": "HA",
"status": "ONLINE",
"version": "8.2.0"
}
},
"topologyMode": "Single-Primary"
},
"groupInformationSourceMember": "127.0.0.1:3310"
}
JS > cluster.listRouters()
{
"clusterName": "fred",
"routers": {
"dynabook::system": {
"hostname": "dynabook",
"lastCheckIn": "2023-11-09 17:57:59",
"roPort": "6447",
"roXPort": "6449",
"rwPort": "6446",
"rwSplitPort": "6450",
"rwXPort": "6448",
"version": "8.2.0"
}
}
}
2MySQL Connector/Python
Python 程序使用 MySQL-Connector/Python 8.2.0。
初始化测试脚本代码:
代码语言:javascript复制import mysql.connector
cnx = mysql.connector.connect(user='python',
passowrd='Passw0rd!Python',
host='127.0.0.1',
port='6450')
cursor = cnx.cursor()
query = ("""select member_role, @@port port
from performance_schema.replication_group_members
where member_id=@@server_uuid""")
for (role, port) in cursor:
print("{} - {}".format(role, port))
cursor.close()
cnx.close()
我们可以测试一下:
代码语言:javascript复制$ python test_router.py
PRIMARY - 3310
很好,我们可以使用读/写分离端口(6540)连接到集群并执行查询……。哦 ?!但为什么我们会直达主实例呢?
我们不应该是去访问只读实例(副本实例)之一吗?
autocommit
Connector/Python 默认禁用自动提交(请参阅 MySQLConnection.autocommit[3] 属性)。并且读写分离功能必须启用自动提交才能正常工作。
在第 8 行上方添加以下代码:
代码语言:javascript复制cnx.autocommit = True
然后我们可以再次运行该程序:
代码语言:javascript复制$ python test_router.py
SECONDARY - 3320
$ python test_router.py
SECONDARY - 3330
太棒了,达到预期效果工作!
3查询属性
现在让我们看看如何在主节点上强制执行查询。
MySQL Router 提供了使用查询属性来强制执行读/写拆分决策的可能性:router.access_mode。
在执行查询 ( cursor.execute(query) ) 之前添加以下行:
代码语言:javascript复制cursor.add_attribute("router.access_mode", "read_write")
让我们再执行一次:
代码语言:javascript复制$ python test_router.py
PRIMARY - 3310
router.access_mode
可接受的值为:
- auto
- read_only
- read_write
4测试 DML 语句
让我们尝试一些不同的东西,我们将向表中插入行。
我们将使用下表:
代码语言:javascript复制CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`id` int unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`port` int DEFAULT NULL,
`role` varchar(15) DEFAULT NULL,
`timestamp` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB ;
我们将使用以下 Python 脚本:
代码语言:javascript复制import mysql.connector
cnx = mysql.connector.connect(user='python',
password='Passw0rd!Python',
host='127.0.0.1',
port='6450',
database='test')
cnx.autocommit = True
cursor = cnx.cursor()
for i in range(3):
query = ("""insert into t1 values(0, @@port, (
select member_role
from performance_schema.replication_group_members
where member_id=@@server_uuid), now())""")
cursor.execute(query)
cursor.close()
cnx.close()
for i in range(3):
cnx = mysql.connector.connect(user='python',
password='Passw0rd!Python',
host='127.0.0.1',
port='6450',
database='test')
cnx.autocommit = True
cursor = cnx.cursor()
query = ("""select *, @@port port_read from t1""")
cursor.execute(query)
for (id, port, role, timestamp, port_read) in cursor:
print("{} : {}, {}, {} : read from {}".format(id,
port,
role,
timestamp,
port_read))
cursor.close()
cnx.close()
让我们执行它:
代码语言:javascript复制$ python test_router2.py
1 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330
2 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330
3 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330
1 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 18:44:00 : read from 3320
2 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 18:44:00 : read from 3320
3 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 18:44:00 : read from 3320
1 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330
2 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330
3 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330
我们可以看到没有错误,并且我们写入了主节点并从所有辅助节点读取。
请小心,如果在写入之前将 router.access_mode
的查询属性设置为 read_only
(第 16 行),您将收到错误,因为副本节点上不允许写入:
_mysql_connector.MySQLInterfaceError: The MySQL server is running with the --super-read-only option so it cannot execute this statement
5事务
现在我们要玩一下事务。我们创建一个新脚本来执行多个事务:
- 自动提交中的读操作
- 事务中的读操作(默认情况下,这是读/写事务)
- 只读事务中的读操作
- 具有多次插入和回滚的事务
这是程序的源码:
代码语言:javascript复制import mysql.connector
cnx = mysql.connector.connect(user='python',
password='Passw0rd!Python',
host='127.0.0.1',
port='6450',
database='test')
cnx.autocommit = True
cursor = cnx.cursor()
query = ("""select member_role, @@port port
from performance_schema.replication_group_members
where member_id=@@server_uuid""")
cursor.execute(query)
for (role, port) in cursor:
print("{} - {}".format(role, port))
cnx.start_transaction()
query = ("""select member_role, @@port port
from performance_schema.replication_group_members
where member_id=@@server_uuid""")
cursor.execute(query)
for (role, port) in cursor:
print("{} - {}".format(role, port))
cnx.commit()
cnx.start_transaction(readonly=True)
query = ("""select member_role, @@port port
from performance_schema.replication_group_members
where member_id=@@server_uuid""")
cursor.execute(query)
for (role, port) in cursor:
print("{} - {}".format(role, port))
cnx.commit()
cnx.start_transaction()
for i in range(3):
query = ("""insert into t1 values(0, @@port, (
select member_role
from performance_schema.replication_group_members
where member_id=@@server_uuid), now())""")
cursor.execute(query)
cnx.rollback()
cursor.close()
cnx.close()
让我们执行脚本:
代码语言:javascript复制$ python test_router3.py
SECONDARY - 3320
PRIMARY - 3310
SECONDARY - 3320
我们可以看到,第一个操作到达了副本实例,第二个操作(即事务)到达了主节点。
只读事务到达副本节点。
对于作为我们回滚事务一部分的多次写入,我们没有收到任何错误。
6结论
我们已经看到将 MySQL Connector/Python 与 MySQL 8.2 读写分离一起用于 InnoDB Cluster 是多么容易。
享受通过 MySQL Connector / Python 使用 MySQL 读写分离!
参考资料
[1]
读写分类: https://blogs.oracle.com/mysql/post/mysql-82-transparent-readwrite-splitting
[2]
connector=python: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-python/en/
[3]
autocommit 属性: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-python/en/connector-python-api-mysqlconnection-autocommit.html
本文原文:https://blogs.oracle.com/mysql/post/how-to-use-mysql-82-readwrite-splitting-with-connectorpython
本文关键字:#MySQL# #Python# #读写分离#