Scrapy
scrapy 爬虫框架的爬取流程
scrapy框架各个组件的简介
对于以上四步而言,也就是各个组件,它们之间没有直接的联系,全部都由scrapy引擎来连接传递数据。引擎由scrapy框架已经实现,而需要手动实现一般是spider爬虫和pipeline管道,对于复杂的爬虫项目可以手写downloader和spider 的中间件来满足更复杂的业务需求。
scrapy框架的简单使用
在安装好scrapy第三方库后,通过terminal控制台来直接输入命令
- 创建一个scrapy项目
scrapy startproject myspider
- 生成一个爬虫
scrapy genspider itcast itcast.cn
- 提取数据
完善spider,使用xpath等
- 保存数据
在pipeline中进行操作
- 启动爬虫
scrapy crawl itcast
scrapy框架使用的简单流程
- 创建scrapy项目,会自动生成一系列的py文件和配置文件
- 创建一个自定义名称,确定爬取域名(可选)的爬虫
- 书写代码完善自定义的爬虫,以实现所需效果
- 使用yield 将解析出的数据传递到pipeline
- 使用pipeline将数据存储(在pipeline中操作数据需要在settings.py中将配置开启,默认是关闭)
- 使用pipeline的几点注意事项
使用logging模块
在scrapy 中
settings中设置LOG_LEVEL = “WARNING”
settings中设置LOG_FILE = “./a.log” # 设置日志文件保存位置及文件名, 同时终端中不会显示日志内容
import logging, 实例化logger的方式在任何文件中使用logger输出内容
在普通项目中
import logging
logging.basicConfig(…) # 设置日志输出的样式, 格式
实例化一个’logger = logging.getLogger(name)’
在任何py文件中调用logger即可
scrapy中实现翻页请求
案例 爬取腾讯招聘
因为现在网站主流趋势是前后分离,直接去get网站只能得到一堆不含数据的html标签,而网页展示出的数据都是由js请求后端接口获取数据然后将数据拼接在html中,所以不能直接访问网站地址,而是通过chrome开发者工具获知网站请求的后端接口地址,然后去请求该地址
通过比对网站请求后端接口的querystring,确定下要请求的url
在腾讯招聘网中,翻页查看招聘信息也是通过请求后端接口实现的,因此翻页爬取实际上就是对后端接口的请求但需要传递不同的querystring
spider 代码
代码语言:javascript复制import scrapy
import random
import json
class TencenthrSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'tencenthr'
allowed_domains = ['tencent.com']
start_urls = ['https://careers.tencent.com/tencentcareer/api/post/Query?timestamp=1614839354704&parentCategoryId=40001&pageIndex=1&pageSize=10&language=zh-cn&area=cn']
# start_urls = "https://careers.tencent.com/tencentcareer/api/post/Query?timestamp=1614839354704&parentCategoryId=40001&pageIndex=1&pageSize=10&language=zh-cn&area=cn"
def parse(self, response):
# 由于是请求后端接口,所以返回的是json数据,因此获取response对象的text内容,
# 然后转换成dict数据类型便于操作
gr_list = response.text
gr_dict = json.loads(gr_list)
# 因为实现翻页功能就是querystring中的pageIndex的变化,所以获取每次的index,然后下一次的index加一即可
start_url = str(response.request.url)
start_index = int(start_url.find("Index") 6)
mid_index = int(start_url.find("&", start_index))
num_ = start_url[start_index:mid_index]
# 一般返回的json数据会有共有多少条数据,这里取出
temp = gr_dict["Data"]["Count"]
# 定义一个字典
item = {}
for i in range(10):
# 填充所需数据,通过访问dict 的方式取出数据
item["Id"] = gr_dict["Data"]["Posts"][i]["PostId"]
item["Name"] = gr_dict["Data"]["Posts"][i]["RecruitPostName"]
item["Content"] = gr_dict["Data"]["Posts"][i]["Responsibility"]
item["Url"] = "https://careers.tencent.com/jobdesc.html?postid=" gr_dict["Data"]["Posts"][i]["PostId"]
# 将item数据交给引擎
yield item
# 下一个url
# 这里确定下一次请求的url,同时url中的timestamp就是一个13位的随机数字
rand_num1 = random.randint(100000, 999999)
rand_num2 = random.randint(1000000, 9999999)
rand_num = str(rand_num1) str(rand_num2)
# 这里确定pageindex 的数值
nums = int(start_url[start_index:mid_index]) 1
if nums > int(temp)/10:
pass
else:
nums = str(nums)
next_url = 'https://careers.tencent.com/tencentcareer/api/post/Query?timestamp=' rand_num '&parentCategoryId=40001&pageIndex=' nums '&pageSize=10&language=zh-cn&area=cn'
# 将 下一次请求的url封装成request对象传递给引擎
yield scrapy.Request(next_url, callback=self.parse)
pipeline 代码
代码语言:javascript复制import csv
class TencentPipeline:
def process_item(self, item, spider):
# 将获取到的各个数据 保存到csv文件
with open('./tencent_hr.csv', 'a ', encoding='utf-8') as file:
fieldnames = ['Id', 'Name', 'Content', 'Url']
writer = csv.DictWriter(file, fieldnames=fieldnames)
writer.writeheader()
print(item)
writer.writerow(item)
return item
补充scrapy.Request
scrapy的item使用
案例 爬取阳光网的问政信息
爬取阳光政务网的信息,通过chrome开发者工具知道网页的数据都是正常填充在html中,所以爬取阳关网就只是正常的解析html标签数据。
但注意的是,因为还需要爬取问政信息详情页的图片等信息,因此在书写spider代码时需要注意parse方法的书写
spider 代码
代码语言:javascript复制import scrapy
from yangguang.items import YangguangItem
class YangguanggovSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'yangguanggov'
allowed_domains = ['sun0769.com']
start_urls = ['http://wz.sun0769.com/political/index/politicsNewest?page=1']
def parse(self, response):
start_url = response.url
# 按页分组进行爬取并解析数据
li_list = response.xpath("/html/body/div[2]/div[3]/ul[2]")
for li in li_list:
# 在item中定义的工具类。来承载所需的数据
item = YangguangItem()
item["Id"] = str(li.xpath("./li/span[1]/text()").extract_first())
item["State"] = str(li.xpath("./li/span[2]/text()").extract_first()).replace(" ", "").replace("n", "")
item["Content"] = str(li.xpath("./li/span[3]/a/text()").extract_first())
item["Time"] = li.xpath("./li/span[5]/text()").extract_first()
item["Link"] = "http://wz.sun0769.com" str(li.xpath("./li/span[3]/a[1]/@href").extract_first())
# 访问每一条问政信息的详情页,并使用parse_detail方法进行处理
# 借助scrapy的meta 参数将item传递到parse_detail方法中
yield scrapy.Request(
item["Link"],
callback=self.parse_detail,
meta={"item": item}
)
# 请求下一页
start_url_page = int(str(start_url)[str(start_url).find("=") 1:]) 1
next_url = "http://wz.sun0769.com/political/index/politicsNewest?page=" str(start_url_page)
yield scrapy.Request(
next_url,
callback=self.parse
)
# 解析详情页的数据
def parse_detail(self, response):
item = response.meta["item"]
item["Content_img"] = response.xpath("/html/body/div[3]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/img/@src")
yield item
items 代码
代码语言:javascript复制import scrapy
# 在item类中定义所需的字段
class YangguangItem(scrapy.Item):
# define the fields for your item here like:
# name = scrapy.Field()
Id = scrapy.Field()
Link = scrapy.Field()
State = scrapy.Field()
Content = scrapy.Field()
Time = scrapy.Field()
Content_img = scrapy.Field()
pipeline 代码
代码语言:javascript复制class YangguangPipeline:
# 简单的打印出所需数据
def process_item(self, item, spider):
print(item)
return item
scrapy的debug信息认识
通过查看scrapy框架打印的debug信息,可以查看scrapy启动顺序,在出现错误时,可以辅助解决成为。
scrapy深入之scrapy shell
通过scrapy shell可以在未启动spider的情况下尝试以及调试代码,在一些不能确定操作的情况下可以先通过shell来验证尝试。
scrapy深入之settings和管道
settings
对scrapy项目的settings文件的介绍:
代码语言:javascript复制# Scrapy settings for yangguang project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
# 项目名
BOT_NAME = 'yangguang'
# 爬虫模块所在位置
SPIDER_MODULES = ['yangguang.spiders']
# 新建爬虫所在位置
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'yangguang.spiders'
# 输出日志等级
LOG_LEVEL = 'WARNING'
# 设置每次发送请求时携带的headers的user-argent
# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
# USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/89.0.4389.72 Safari/537.36 Edg/89.0.774.45'
# 设置是否遵守 robot协议
# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True
# 设置最大同时请求发出量
# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
# 设置每次请求间歇时间
#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
# 一般用处较少
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16
# cookie是否开启,默认可以开启
# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False
# 控制台组件是否开启
# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
# 设置默认请求头,user-argent不能同时放置在此处
# Override the default request headers:
#DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
# 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
# 'Accept-Language': 'en',
#}
# 设置爬虫中间件是否开启
# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'yangguang.middlewares.YangguangSpiderMiddleware': 543,
#}
# 设置下载中间件是否开启
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'yangguang.middlewares.YangguangDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
#}
#
# Enable or disable extensions
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
# 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
#}
# 设置管道是否开启
# Configure item pipelines
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
'yangguang.pipelines.YangguangPipeline': 300,
}
# 自动限速相关设置
# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False
# HTTP缓存相关设置
# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'
管道 pipeline
在管道中不仅只有项目创建时的process_item方法,管道中还有open_spider,close_spider方法等,这两个方法就是分别在爬虫开启时和爬虫结束时执行一次。
举例代码:
代码语言:javascript复制class YangguangPipeline:
def process_item(self, item, spider):
print(item)
# 如果不return的话,另一个权重较低的pipeline就不会获取到该item
return item
def open_spider(self, spider):
# 这在爬虫开启时执行一次
spider.test = "hello"
# 为spider添加了一个属性值,之后在pipeline中的process_item或spider中都可以使用该属性值
def close_spider(self, spider):
# 这在爬虫关闭时执行一次
spider.test = ""
mongodb的补充
借助pymongo第三方包来操作
scrapy中的crawlspider爬虫
生成crawlspider的命令:
scrapy genspider -t crawl 爬虫名 要爬取的域名
crawlspider的使用
- 创建爬虫scrapy genspider -t crawl 爬虫名 allow_domain
- 指定start_url, 对应的响应会经过rules提取url地址
- 完善rules, 添加Rule
Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r’ /web/site0/tab5240/infod .htm’), callback=‘parse_ item’),
- 注意点:
url地址不完整, crawlspider会自动补充完整之后在请求 parse函数还不能定义, 他有特殊的功能需要实现 callback: 连接提取器提取出来的url地址对应的响应交给他处理 follow: 连接提取器提取出来的url地址对应的响应是否继续被rules来过滤
LinkExtractors链接提取器:
使用LinkExtractors
可以不用程序员自己提取想要的url,然后发送请求。这些工作都可以交给LinkExtractors
,他会在所有爬的页面中找到满足规则的url
,实现自动的爬取。以下对LinkExtractors
类做一个简单的介绍:
class scrapy.linkextractors.LinkExtractor(
allow = (),
deny = (),
allow_domains = (),
deny_domains = (),
deny_extensions = None,
restrict_xpaths = (),
tags = ('a','area'),
attrs = ('href'),
canonicalize = True,
unique = True,
process_value = None
)
主要参数讲解:
- allow:允许的url。所有满足这个正则表达式的url都会被提取。
- deny:禁止的url。所有满足这个正则表达式的url都不会被提取。
- allow_domains:允许的域名。只有在这个里面指定的域名的url才会被提取。
- deny_domains:禁止的域名。所有在这个里面指定的域名的url都不会被提取。
- restrict_xpaths:严格的xpath。和allow共同过滤链接。
Rule规则类:
定义爬虫的规则类。以下对这个类做一个简单的介绍:
代码语言:javascript复制class scrapy.spiders.Rule(
link_extractor,
callback = None,
cb_kwargs = None,
follow = None,
process_links = None,
process_request = None
)
主要参数讲解:
- link_extractor:一个
LinkExtractor
对象,用于定义爬取规则。 - callback:满足这个规则的url,应该要执行哪个回调函数。因为
CrawlSpider
使用了parse
作为回调函数,因此不要覆盖parse
作为回调函数自己的回调函数。 - follow:指定根据该规则从response中提取的链接是否需要跟进。
- process_links:从link_extractor中获取到链接后会传递给这个函数,用来过滤不需要爬取的链接。
案例 爬取笑话大全网站
分析xiaohua.zolcom.cn 可以得知, 网页的数据是直接嵌在HTML中, 请求网站域名, 服务器直接返回的html标签包含了网页内可见的全部信息. 所以直接对服务器响应的html标签进行解析. 同时翻页爬取数据时,也发现下页的url 已被嵌在html中, 因此借助crawlspider可以非常方便的提取出下一页url.
spider 代码:
代码语言:javascript复制import scrapy
from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule
import re
class XhzolSpider(CrawlSpider):
name = 'xhzol'
allowed_domains = ['xiaohua.zol.com.cn']
start_urls = ['http://xiaohua.zol.com.cn/lengxiaohua/1.html']
rules = (
# 这里定义从相应中提取符合该正则的url地址,并且可以自动补全, callpack指明哪一个处理函数来处理响应, follow表示从响应中提取出的符合正则的url 是否要继续进行请求
Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r'/lengxiaohua/d .html'), callback='parse_item', follow=True),
)
def parse_item(self, response):
item = {}
# item["title"] = response.xpath("/html/body/div[6]/div[1]/ul/li[1]/span/a/text()").extract_first()
# print(re.findall("<span class='article-title'><a target='_blank' href='.*?d .html'>(.*?)</a></span>", response.body.decode("gb18030"), re.S))
# 这里按正则搜索笑话的标题
for i in re.findall(r'<span class="article-title"><a target="_blank" href="/detaild /d .html">(.*?)</a></span>', response.body.decode("gb18030"), re.S):
item["titles"] = i
yield item
return item
pipeline 代码:
代码语言:javascript复制class XiaohuaPipeline:
def process_item(self, item, spider):
print(item)
return item
简单的打印来查看运行结果
案例 爬取中国银监会网站的处罚信息
分析网页信息得知,网页的具体数据信息都是网页通过发送Ajax请求,请求后端接口获取到json数据,然后通过js动态的将数据嵌在html中,渲染出来。所以不能直接去请求网站域名,而是去请求后端的api接口。并且通过比对翻页时请求的后端api接口的变化,确定翻页时下页的url。
spider 代码:
代码语言:javascript复制import scrapy
import re
import json
class CbircSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'cbirc'
allowed_domains = ['cbirc.gov.cn']
start_urls = ['https://www.cbirc.gov.cn/']
def parse(self, response):
start_url = "http://www.cbirc.gov.cn/cbircweb/DocInfo/SelectDocByItemIdAndChild?itemId=4113&pageSize=18&pageIndex=1"
yield scrapy.Request(
start_url,
callback=self.parse1
)
def parse1(self, response):
# 数据处理
json_data = response.body.decode()
json_data = json.loads(json_data)
for i in json_data["data"]["rows"]:
item = {}
item["doc_name"] = i["docSubtitle"]
item["doc_id"] = i["docId"]
item["doc_time"] = i["builddate"]
item["doc_detail"] = "http://www.cbirc.gov.cn/cn/view/pages/ItemDetail.html?docId=" str(i["docId"]) "&itemId=4113&generaltype=" str(i["generaltype"])
yield item
# 翻页, 确定下一页的url
str_url = response.request.url
page = re.findall(r'.*?pageIndex=(d )', str_url, re.S)[0]
mid_url = str(str_url).strip(str(page))
page = int(page) 1
# 请求的url变化就是 page 的增加
if page <= 24:
next_url = mid_url str(page)
yield scrapy.Request(
next_url,
callback=self.parse1
)
pipeline 代码:
代码语言:javascript复制import csv
class CircplusPipeline:
def process_item(self, item, spider):
with open('./circ_gb.csv', 'a ', encoding='gb2312') as file:
fieldnames = ['doc_id', 'doc_name', 'doc_time', 'doc_detail']
writer = csv.DictWriter(file, fieldnames=fieldnames)
writer.writerow(item)
return item
def open_spider(self, spider):
with open('./circ_gb.csv', 'a ', encoding='gb2312') as file:
fieldnames = ['doc_id', 'doc_name', 'doc_time', 'doc_detail']
writer = csv.DictWriter(file, fieldnames=fieldnames)
writer.writeheader()
将数据保存在csv文件中
下载中间件
学习download middleware的使用,下载中间件用于初步处理将调度器发送给下载器的request url 或 初步处理下载器请求后获取的response
同时还有process_exception 方法用于处理当中间件程序抛出异常时进行的异常处理。
下载中间件的简单使用
自定义中间件的类,在类中定义process的三个方法,方法中书写实现代码。注意要在settings中开启,将类进行注册。
代码尝试:
代码语言:javascript复制import random
# useful for handling different item types with a single interface
from itemadapter import is_item, ItemAdapter
class RandomUserArgentMiddleware:
# 处理请求
def process_request(self, request, spider):
ua = random.choice(spider.settings.get("USER_ARENT_LIST"))
request.headers["User-Agent"] = ua[0]
class SelectRequestUserAgent:
# 处理响应
def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
print(request.headers["User=Agent"])
# 需要返回一个response(通过引擎将response交给spider)或request(通过引擎将request交给调度器)或none
return response
class HandleMiddlewareEcxeption:
# 处理异常
def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
print(exception)
settings 代码:
代码语言:javascript复制DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'suningbook.middlewares.RandomUserArgentMiddleware': 543,
'suningbook.middlewares.SelectRequestUserAgent': 544,
'suningbook.middlewares.HandleMiddlewareEcxeption': 544,
}
scrapy 模拟登录
scrapy 携带cookie登录
在scrapy中, start_url不会经过allowed_domains的过滤, 是一定会被请求, 查看scrapy 的源码, 请求start_url就是由start_requests方法操作的, 因此通过自己重写start_requests方法可以为请求start_url 携带上cookie信息等, 实现模拟登录等功能.
通过重写start_requests 方法,为我们的请求携带上cookie信息,来实现模拟登录功能。
补充知识点: scrapy中 cookie信息是默认开启的,所以默认请求下是直接使用cookie的。可以通过开启COOKIE_DEBUG = True 可以查看到详细的cookie在函数中的传递。
案例 携带cookie模拟登录人人网
通过重写start_requests方法,为请求携带上cookie信息,去访问需要登录后才能访问的页面,获取信息。模拟实现模拟登录的功能。
代码语言:javascript复制import scrapy
import re
class LoginSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'login'
allowed_domains = ['renren.com']
start_urls = ['http://renren.com/975252058/profile']
# 重写方法
def start_requests(self):
# 添加上cookie信息,这之后的请求中都会携带上该cookie信息
cookies = "anonymid=klx1odv08szk4j; depovince=GW; _r01_=1; taihe_bi_sdk_uid=17f803e81753a44fe40be7ad8032071b; taihe_bi_sdk_session=089db9062fdfdbd57b2da32e92cad1c2; ick_login=666a6c12-9cd1-433b-9ad7-97f4a595768d; _de=49A204BB9E35C5367A7153C3102580586DEBB8C2103DE356; t=c433fa35a370d4d8e662f1fb4ea7c8838; societyguester=c433fa35a370d4d8e662f1fb4ea7c8838; id=975252058; xnsid=fadc519c; jebecookies=db5f9239-9800-4e50-9fc5-eaac2c445206|||||; JSESSIONID=abcb9nQkVmO0MekR6ifGx; ver=7.0; loginfrom=null; wp_fold=0"
cookie = {i.split("=")[0]:i.split("=")[1] for i in cookies.split("; ")}
yield scrapy.Request(
self.start_urls[0],
callback=self.parse,
cookies=cookie
)
# 打印用户名,验证是否模拟登录成功
def parse(self, response):
print(re.findall("该用户尚未开", response.body.decode(), re.S))
scrapy模拟登录之发送post请求
借助scrapy提供的FromRequest对象发送Post请求,并且可以设置fromdata,headers,cookies等参数。
案例 scrapy模拟登录github
模拟登录GitHub,访问github.com/login, 获取from参数, 再去请求/session 验证账号密码,最后登录成功
spider 代码:
代码语言:javascript复制import scrapy
import re
import random
class GithubSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'github'
allowed_domains = ['github.com']
start_urls = ['https://github.com/login']
def parse(self, response):
# 先从login 页面的响应中获取出authenticity_token和commit,在请求登录是必需
authenticity_token = response.xpath("//*[@id='login']/div[4]/form/input[1]/@value").extract_first()
rand_num1 = random.randint(100000, 999999)
rand_num2 = random.randint(1000000, 9999999)
rand_num = str(rand_num1) str(rand_num2)
commit = response.xpath("//*[@id='login']/div[4]/form/div/input[12]/@value").extract_first()
form_data = dict(
commit=commit,
authenticity_token=authenticity_token,
login="2864142427@qq.com",
password="tcc062556",
timestamp=rand_num,
# rusted_device="",
)
# form_data["webauthn-support"] = ""
# form_data["webauthn-iuvpaa-support"] = ""
# form_data["return_to"] = ""
# form_data["allow_signup"] = ""
# form_data["client_id"] = ""
# form_data["integration"] = ""
# form_data["required_field_b292"] = ""
headers = {
"referer": "https://github.com/login",
'accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9',
'accept-language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'origin': 'https://github.com'
}
# 借助fromrequest 发送post请求,进行登录
yield scrapy.FormRequest.from_response(
response,
formdata=form_data,
headers=headers,
callback=self.login_data
)
def login_data(self, response):
# 打印用户名验证是否登录成功
print(re.findall("xiangshiersheng", response.body.decode()))
# 保存成本地html 文件
with open('./github.html', 'a ', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write(response.body.decode())
总结:
模拟登录三种方式:
1. 携带cookie登录
使用scrapy.Request(url, callback=, cookies={}) 将cookies填入,在请求url时会携带cookie去请求。
2. 使用FormRequest
scrapy.FromRequest(url, formdata={}, callback=) formdata 就是请求体, 在formdata中填入要提交的表单数据
3. 借助from_response
scrapy.FromRequest.from_response(response, formdata={}, callback=) from_response 会自动从响应中搜索到表单提交的地址(如果存在表单及提交地址)
知识的简单总结
crawlspider 如何使用
- 创建爬虫 scrapy genspider -t crawl spidername allow_domain
- 完善爬虫
- start_url
- 完善rules
- 元组
- Rule(LinkExtractor, callback, follow)
- LinkExtractor 连接提取器, 提取url
- callback url的响应会交给该callback处理
- follow = True url的响应会继续被Rule提取地址
- 完善 callback, 处理数据
下载中间件如何使用
- 定义类
- process_request 处理请求, 不需要return
- process_response 处理响应, 需要return request response
- settings中开启
scrapy如何模拟登录
- 携带cookie登录
- 准备cookie字典
- scrapy.Request(url, callba, cookies=cookies_dict)
- scrapy.FromRequest(post_url, formdata={}, callback)
- scrapy.FromRequest.from_response(response, formdata={}, callback)
scrapy_redis 的学习
Scrapy 是一个通用的爬虫框架,但是不支持分布式,Scrapy-redis是为了更方便地实现Scrapy分布式爬取,而提供了一些以redis为基础的组件(仅有组件)。
scrapy_redis 的爬取流程
相比scrapy的工作流程,scrapy-redis就只是多了redis的一部分,并且调度器的request是从redis中读取出的,而且spider爬取过程中获取到的url也会经过调度器判重和调度再由spider爬取。最会spider返回的item会被存储到redis中。
Scrapy-redis提供了下面四种组件(基于redis)
Scheduler: Scrapy改造了python本来的collection.deque(双向队列)形成了自己的Scrapy queue(https://github.com/scrapy/queuelib/blob/master/queuelib/queue.py)),但是Scrapy多个spider不能共享待爬取队列Scrapy queue, 即Scrapy本身不支持爬虫分布式,scrapy-redis 的解决是把这个Scrapy queue换成redis数据库(也是指redis队列),从同一个redis-server存放要爬取的request,便能让多个spider去同一个数据库里读取。
Scrapy中跟“待爬队列”直接相关的就是调度器Scheduler,它负责对新的request进行入列操作(加入Scrapy queue),取出下一个要爬取的request(从Scrapy queue中取出)等操作。它把待爬队列按照优先级建立了一个字典结构,比如:
代码语言:javascript复制{
优先级0 : 队列0
优先级1 : 队列1
优先级2 : 队列2
}
然后根据request中的优先级,来决定该入哪个队列,出列时则按优先级较小的优先出列。为了管理这个比较高级的队列字典,Scheduler需要提供一系列的方法。但是原来的Scheduler已经无法使用,所以使用Scrapy-redis的scheduler组件。
Duplication Filter:
Scrapy中用集合实现这个request去重功能,Scrapy中把已经发送的request指纹放入到一个集合中,把下一个request的指纹拿到集合中比对,如果该指纹存在于集合中,说明这个request发送过了,如果没有则继续操作。这个核心的判重功能是这样实现的:
代码语言:javascript复制 def request_seen(self, request):
# self.figerprints就是一个指纹集合
fp = self.request_fingerprint(request)
# 这就是判重的核心操作
if fp in self.fingerprints:
return True
self.fingerprints.add(fp)
if self.file:
self.file.write(fp os.linesep)
在scrapy-redis中去重是由Duplication Filter组件来实现的,它通过redis的set 不重复的特性,巧妙的实现了Duplication Filter去重。scrapy-redis调度器从引擎接受request,将request的指纹存⼊redis的set检查是否重复,并将不重复的request push写⼊redis的 request queue。
引擎请求request(Spider发出的)时,调度器从redis的request queue队列⾥里根据优先级pop 出⼀个request 返回给引擎,引擎将此request发给spider处理。
Item Pipeline: 引擎将(Spider返回的)爬取到的Item给Item Pipeline,scrapy-redis 的Item Pipeline将爬取到的 Item 存⼊redis的 items queue。
修改过Item Pipeline可以很方便的根据 key 从 items queue 提取item,从⽽实现 items processes集群。
Base Spider:
不再使用scrapy原有的Spider类,重写的RedisSpider继承了Spider和RedisMixin这两个类,RedisMixin是用来从redis读取url的类。 当我们生成一个Spider继承RedisSpider时,调用setup_redis函数,这个函数会去连接redis数据库,然后会设置signals(信号):
- 一个是当spider空闲时候的signal,会调用spider_idle函数,这个函数调用schedule_next_request函数,保证spider是一直活着的状态,并且抛出DontCloseSpider异常。
- 一个是当抓到一个item时的signal,会调用item_scraped函数,这个函数会调用schedule_next_request函数,获取下一个request。
当下载scrapy-redis后会自带一个demo程序,如下
settings.py 配置文件:
domz spider 代码: 同普通的crawlspider项目相比,主要差距在parse处理响应上.
程序运行时:
尝试在settings中关闭redispipeline,观察redis中三个键的变化情况
scrapy-redis的源码解析
scrapy-redis重写的 scrapy本身的request去重功能,DUperFilter。
相比scrapy的pipeline, scrapy-redis只是将item 存储在redis中
scrapy-redis 提供的调度器
重点补充:
request对象什么时候入队
- dont_filter = True, 构造请求的时候, 把dont_filter置为True, 该url会被反复抓取(url地址对应的内容会更新的情况)
- 一个全新的url地址被抓到的时候, 构造request请求
- url地址在start_urls中的时候, 会入队, 不管之前是否请求过构造start_urls 地址的时请求时候,dont_filter = True
scrapy-redis 入队源码
代码语言:javascript复制 def enqueue_request(self, request):
if not request.dont_filter and self.df.request_seen(request):
# dont_filter = False self.df.request_seen = True 此时不会入队,因为request指纹已经存在
# dont_filter = False self.df.request_seen = False 此时会入队,因为此时是全新的url
self.df.log(request, self.spider)
return False
if self.stats:
self.stats.inc_value('scheduler/enqueued/redis', spider=self.spider)
self.queue.push(request) # 入队
return True
scrapy-redis去重方法 **
- 使用sha1加密request得到指纹
- 把指纹存在redis的集合中
- 下一次新来一个request, 同样的方式生成指纹, 判断指纹是否存在redis的集合中
生成指纹
代码语言:javascript复制fp = hashlib.sha1()
fp.update(to_bytes(request.method))
fp.update(to_byte(canonicalize_url(request.url)))
fp.update(request.body or b'')
return fp.hexdigest()
判断数据是否存在redis的集合中, 不存在插入
代码语言:javascript复制added = self.server.sadd(self.key, fp)
return added != 0
练习 爬取百度贴吧
spider 代码: 处理正确响应后获取到的信息,多使用正则,因为贴吧就算是获取到正确响应 页面内的html元素都是被注释起来,在渲染网页时由js处理,因此xpath等手段无法使用。
代码语言:javascript复制import scrapy
from copy import deepcopy
from tieba.pipelines import HandleChromeDriver
import re
class TiebaspiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'tiebaspider'
allowed_domains = ['tieba.baidu.com']
start_urls = ['https://tieba.baidu.com/index.html']
def start_requests(self):
item = {}
# cookie1 = "BAIDUID_BFESS = 9250B568D2AF5E8D7C24501FD8947F10:FG=1; BDRCVFR[feWj1Vr5u3D]=I67x6TjHwwYf0; ZD_ENTRY=baidu; BA_HECTOR=0l2ha48g00ah842l6k1g46ooh0r; H_PS_PSSID=33518_33358_33272_31660_33595_33393_26350; delPer=0; PSINO=5; NO_UNAME=1; BIDUPSID=233AE38C1766688048F6AA80C4F0D56C; PSTM=1614821745; BAIDUID=233AE38C176668807122431B232D9927:FG=1; BDORZ=B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598"
# cookie2 = {i.split("=")[0]: i.split("=")[1] for i in cookie1.split("; ")}
cookies = self.parse_cookie()
print(cookies)
# print(cookies)
headers = {
'Cache-Control': 'no-cache',
'Host': 'tieba.baidu.com',
'Pragma': 'no-cache',
'sec-ch-ua': '"Google Chrome";v = "89", "Chromium";v = "89", ";Not A Brand"; v = "99"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
'Sec-Fetch-Dest': 'document',
'Sec-Fetch-Mode': 'navigate',
'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'none',
'Sec-Fetch-User': '?1',
'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests': 1
}
yield scrapy.Request(
'https://tieba.baidu.com/index.html',
cookies=cookies,
callback=self.parse,
headers=headers,
meta={"item": item}
)
print("ok")
def parse(self, response):
# 处理首页页面
if str(response.url).find("captcha") != -1:
HandleChromeDriver.handle_tuxing_captcha(url=str(response.url))
print(response.url)
print(response.status)
item = response.meta["item"]
grouping_list = response.xpath("//*[@id='f-d-w']/div/div/div")
for i in grouping_list:
group_link = "https://tieba.baidu.com" i.xpath("./a/@href").extract_first()
group_name = i.xpath("./a/@title").extract_first()
item["group_link"] = group_link
item["group_name"] = group_name
if group_name is not None:
yield scrapy.Request(
group_link,
callback=self.parse_detail,
meta={"item": deepcopy(item)}
)
print("parse")
def parse_detail(self, response):
# 处理分组页面
detail_data = response.body.decode()
if str(response.url).find("captcha") != -1:
detail_data = HandleChromeDriver.handle_tuxing_captcha(url=str(response.url))
print(response.url)
print(response.status)
detail_list_link = re.findall(
'<div class="ba_info.*?">.*?<a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="(.*?)" class="ba_href clearfix">',
detail_data, re.S)
print(detail_list_link)
detail_list_name = re.findall(
'<div class="ba_content">.*?<p class="ba_name">(.*?)</p>', detail_data, re.S)
item = response.meta["item"]
for i in range(len(detail_list_link)):
detail_link = "https://tieba.baidu.com" detail_list_link[i]
detail_name = detail_list_name[i]
item["detail_link"] = detail_link
item["detail_name"] = detail_name
yield scrapy.Request(
detail_link,
callback=self.parse_data,
meta={"item": deepcopy(item)}
)
start_parse_url = response.url[:str(response.url).find("pn=") 3]
start_parse_body = response.body.decode()
last_parse_page = re.findall('下一页></a>.*?<a href=".*?pn=(d )" class="last">.*?</a>', start_parse_body, re.S)[0]
page_parse_num = re.findall('<a href=".*?">(d )</a>', start_parse_body, re.S)[0]
page_parse_num = int(page_parse_num) 1
end_parse_url = start_parse_url str(page_parse_num)
if page_parse_num <= int(last_parse_page):
yield scrapy.Request(
end_parse_url,
callback=self.parse_detail,
meta={"item": deepcopy(item)}
)
print("parse_detail")
def parse_data(self, response):
body_data = response.body.decode()
if str(response.url).find("captcha") != -1:
body_data = HandleChromeDriver.handle_tuxing_captcha(url=str(response.url))
print(response.url)
print(response.status)
# print(response.body.decode())
data_name = re.findall('<a rel="noreferrer" href=".*?" title=".*?" target="_blank" class="j_th_tit ">(.*?)</a>',
body_data, re.S)
# print(data_name)
data_link = re.findall(
'<div class="t_con cleafix">.*?<a rel="noreferrer" href="(.*?)" title=".*?" target="_blank" class="j_th_tit ">.*?</a>',
body_data, re.S)
# print(data_link)
# data_list = response.xpath('//*[@id="thread_list"]/li//div[@class="threadlist_title pull_left j_th_tit "]/a')
# print(data_list.extract_first())
item = response.meta["item"]
for i in range(len(data_link)):
item["data_link"] = "https://tieba.baidu.com" data_link[i]
item["data_name"] = data_name[i]
yield item
temp_url_find = str(response.url).find("pn=")
if temp_url_find == -1:
start_detail_url = response.url "&ie=utf-8&pn="
else:
start_detail_url = str(response.url)[:temp_url_find 3]
start_detail_body = response.body.decode()
last_detail_page = re.findall('下一页></a>.*?<a href=".*?pn=(d )" class="last pagination-item " >尾页</a>', start_detail_body, re.S)[0]
page_detail_num = re.findall('<span class="pagination-current pagination-item ">(.*?)</span>', start_detail_body, re.S)[0]
page_detail_num = int(page_detail_num) * 50
end_detail_url = start_detail_url str(page_detail_num)
print(end_detail_url)
if page_detail_num <= int(last_detail_page):
yield scrapy.Request(
end_detail_url,
callback=self.parse_data,
meta={"item": deepcopy(item)}
)
print("parse_data")
def parse_data1(self, response):
pass
def parse_cookie(self):
lis = []
lst_end = {}
lis_link = ["BAIDUID", "PSTM", "BIDUPSID", "__yjs_duid", "BDORZ", "BDUSS", "BAIDUID_BFESS", "H_PS_PSSID",
"bdshare_firstime", "BDUSS_BFESS", "NO_UNAME", "tb_as_data", "STOKEN", "st_data",
"Hm_lvt_287705c8d9e2073d13275b18dbd746dc", "Hm_lvt_98b9d8c2fd6608d564bf2ac2ae642948", "st_key_id",
"ab_sr", "st_sign"]
with open("./cookie.txt", "r ", encoding="utf-8") as f:
s = f.read()
t = s.strip("[").strip("]").replace("'", "")
while True:
num = t.find("}, ")
if num != -1:
lis.append({i.split(": ")[0]: i.split(": ")[1] for i in t[:num].strip("{").split(", ")})
t = t.replace(t[:num 3], "")
else:
break
cookie1 = "BAIDUID_BFESS = 9250B568D2AF5E8D7C24501FD8947F10:FG=1; BDRCVFR[feWj1Vr5u3D] = I67x6TjHwwYf0; ZD_ENTRY = baidu; BA_HECTOR = 0l2ha48g00ah842l6k1g46ooh0r; H_PS_PSSID = 33518_33358_33272_31660_33595_33393_26350; delPe r= 0; PSINO = 5; NO_UNAME = 1; BIDUPSID = 233AE38C1766688048F6AA80C4F0D56C; PSTM = 1614821745; BAIDUID = 233AE38C176668807122431B232D9927:FG=1; BDORZ = B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598"
cookie2 = {i.split(" = ")[0]: i.split(" = ")[-1] for i in cookie1.split("; ")}
for i in lis_link:
for j in lis:
if j["name"] == i:
lst_end[i] = j["value"]
for z in cookie2:
if i == z:
lst_end[i] = cookie2[i]
return lst_end
pipeline 代码: 这里主要是数据的存储,存在csv文件内。以及一个工具类, 带有两个静态方法,一个用于处理自动登录贴吧以获取到完整且正确的cookie信息,以便之后的请求携带,能得到正确的响应信息,一个用于处理爬虫在爬取时遇到贴吧的检测图形验证码(该验证码,人都不是很容易通过。。。)
代码语言:javascript复制# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
# useful for handling different item types with a single interface
from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
from selenium import webdriver
import time
import csv
class TiebaPipeline:
def process_item(self, item, spider):
with open('./tieba.csv', 'a ', encoding='utf-8') as file:
fieldnames = ['group_link', 'group_name', 'detail_link', 'detail_name', 'data_link', 'data_name']
writer = csv.DictWriter(file, fieldnames=fieldnames)
writer.writerow(item)
return item
def open_spider(self, spider):
with open('./tieba.csv', 'w ', encoding='utf-8') as file:
fieldnames = ['group_link', 'group_name', 'detail_link', 'detail_name', 'data_link', 'data_name']
writer = csv.DictWriter(file, fieldnames=fieldnames)
writer.writeheader()
HandleChromeDriver.handle_cookie(url="http://tieba.baidu.com/f/user/passport?jumpUrl=http://tieba.baidu.com")
class HandleChromeDriver:
@staticmethod
def handle_cookie(url):
driver = webdriver.Chrome("E:python_studyspiderdatachromedriver_win32chromedriver.exe")
driver.implicitly_wait(2)
driver.get(url)
driver.implicitly_wait(2)
login_pwd = driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="TANGRAM__PSP_4__footerULoginBtn"]')
login_pwd.click()
username = driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="TANGRAM__PSP_4__userName"]')
pwd = driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="TANGRAM__PSP_4__password"]')
login_btn = driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="TANGRAM__PSP_4__submit"]')
time.sleep(1)
username.send_keys("18657589370")
time.sleep(1)
pwd.send_keys("tcc062556")
time.sleep(1)
login_btn.click()
time.sleep(15)
tb_cookie = str(driver.get_cookies())
with open("./cookie.txt", "w ", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write(tb_cookie)
# print(tb_cookie)
driver.close()
@staticmethod
def handle_tuxing_captcha(url):
drivers = webdriver.Chrome("E:python_studyspiderdatachromedriver_win32chromedriver.exe")
drivers.implicitly_wait(2)
drivers.get(url)
drivers.implicitly_wait(2)
time.sleep(10)
drivers.close()
# print(tb_cookie)
return drivers.page_source
settings 代码: 这里主要设置一些请求头得到信息以及在每次请求时间歇两秒
代码语言:javascript复制BOT_NAME = 'tieba'
SPIDER_MODULES = ['tieba.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'tieba.spiders'
LOG_LEVEL = 'WARNING'
# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/89.0.4389.72 Safari/537.36 Edg/89.0.774.45'
# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16
# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False
# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
# Override the default request headers:
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9',
'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8',
'Connection': 'keep-alive',
}
# Configure item pipelines
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
'tieba.pipelines.TiebaPipeline': 300,
}